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| Begins when energy, either from an external source or from inside the body, stimulates a receptor cell in one of the sense organs, such as the eye or the ear. |
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| Responds to one particular form of energy. Light waves for sight, vibration of air for hearing. |
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| Minimum standard - least amount of energy that can be detected as stimultion at least 50% of the time. (amount of molecules of a scent before you say "hey i smell _____") |
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| our senses automatically adjust to the overall average level of stimulation in a particular setting. (with much of something a tolerance develops, therefore requiring more to have the same effect in future havings) what? |
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| JND- just noticeable difference Threshold |
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| the smallest change in stimulation that you can detect 50 percent of the time. (hearing a sound: how much louder must the sound be for you to notice a difference?) |
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| The stronger the original stimulus, the higher the difference must be. (adding 1lb. to a 50lb. weight would be noticeable, whereas adding 1lb. to a 100lb. weight would not.) |
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| transparent protective coating over the front part of the eye through which light enters |
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| opening in the center of the iris |
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| colored part of the eye. contracts and dialates |
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| focuses light on the retina |
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| light sensitive inner lining of the back of the eyeball |
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| focal point of sight (everything else is in your peripheral) |
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| receptor cells in the retina: named for their shape. Rods detect light and dark; cones detect colors. |
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| optic nerves cross over on the path to the brain. |
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Hue-
Brightness-
Saturation- |
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-object's color
-lightness or darkness
-richness/intensity |
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| process of mixing lights of different wavelengths |
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red cones \
blue cones |-fire only to their color
green cones / |
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| stare at something for a while, look at white: opposit colors appear |
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| a psychological experience created by the brain in response to changes in air pressure that are received by the auditory system |
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| the number of cycles per second in a wave, in sound, the unit of measure of pitch |
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| cycles per second; unit of measurement for the frequency of sound waves |
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| auditory experience corresponding primarily to frequency of sound vibrations, resulting in higher or lower tones. |
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| the magnitude of a wave; in sound, volume |
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| unit of measurement for the volume of sounds |
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outer ear:
collects sound waves; shoots down auditory canal |
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| membrane- vibrates hammer anvil and stirrup |
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| vibrates onto oval window |
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| liquid filled; basilar membrane contains hair cells which are neural receptors. (vibrate auditory nerve) |
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| connected to the brain, transmits information from ear to brain. |
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| structure on the surface of the basilar membrane that contains the receptor cells for hearing |
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| the brain determines pitch by nothing the place on the basilar membrane at which the message is strongest. |
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| theory that pitch is determined by the frequency with which hair cells in the cochlea fire |
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| suggests that receptors in the ear fire in sequence, with one group responding, then a second, then a third, and so on, so that the complete pattern of firing corresponds to the frequency of the sound wave |
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| smell center of the brain |
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| chemicals that communicate information to other organisms through smell |
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| senses of muscle movement, posture, and strain on muscles and joints |
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| the senses of equilibrium and body position in space |
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| study of relationship between pysical stimuli and pyychological reaction to those stimuli |
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| a tendancy to perceive objects as stable and unchanging despite changes in sensory stimulation |
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| the percetpion of an object as the same size regardless of the distance from which it is viewed |
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| the generation of apparent movement by the succesive appearance of 2 spatially separated stimuli (movie marquee lights) |
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| the type of learning in which a response naturally elicited by one stimulus comes to be elicited by a different, formerly neutral stimulus |
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| a stimulus that invariably causes an organism to respond in a specific way |
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| a response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs |
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| an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus and eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone |
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| after conditioning, the repsonse an oganism produces when a conditioned stimulus is presented. |
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| the type of learning in whcihc behaviors are emitted (in the rpesence of specific stimuli) to earn rewards or aviod punishment |
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| a box often used in operant conditioning of animals; it limits the available responses and thus increases the likelihood that the desired response will occur. |
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| reonforcing successive approximations to a desired behavior |
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| learning a desireable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant, such as punishment. |
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| a reliable 'if-then' relationship |
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| the grouping of information into meaningful units fore asier handling by short term memory |
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| the portion of long-term memory that stores personally experienced events |
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| a set of beliefs or expectations about something that is based on past experience |
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| the portion of long temr memory that stores general facts and informations |
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| memory for information that we can readily express in words and are aware of having; these memories can be intentionally retrieved from memory |
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| memory for information that we cannot readily express in words and may not be aware of having; these memories cannot be intentionally retrieved from memory |
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