Term
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Definition
| The variety of living organisms and the processes responsible for maintaining this variation. |
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Term
| meaning of "variety of living organisms" |
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Definition
| -Genetic variation -Species variation -Variation of biotic community types -Regional or landscape level variation (diversity of communities across the larger area). |
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Term
| extent of biosphere's biodiverstiy |
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Definition
1.Currently described over 1,445,850 plants and animals on the globe.
2. may be as many as 5-30 million
organisms in the biosphere (Wilson & Ehrlich say 100 mill!)
3. These values come from some reasonably "shaky" sources |
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Term
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Definition
If the Amazon has significant endemism then we could easily
get over 30 million insects alone in the Amazon; if endemic, all in one spot, wipe out the one spot, wipe out all the spp; If tropical animal and plant species do not show significant endemism, then the estimates would be too high |
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Term
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Definition
| distribution of a population or species which is confined to a relatively small area. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Don't throw away any parts (Aldo Leopold)
- interconnectedness rationale
2. Food
3. Medicine
4. Genetic resource
5. Recreational/Economic Value
6. Amenity value (warm fuzzie factor)
7. Moral value
8. Theological value |
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Term
| interconnectedness rationale |
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Definition
| The complexity of the earth system suggests that the interconnected parts all play an important role. Pulling out one species at a time may cause the entire system to collapse. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
sometimes called local diversity
The number of species in a small area of more or less uniform habitat(within habitat diversity) |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in species from one habitat to another. (between habitat diversity) |
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Term
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Definition
sometimes called regional diversity
Total number of species observed in all habitats within a region. (landscape level diversity) |
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Term
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Definition
| natural process; appx 12 extinction spasms in history of earth |
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Term
| anthropocentric extinction |
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Definition
extinction spasm some believe is occurring today and that
is man-induced. |
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Term
| evidence for a mass extinction today |
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Definition
1. space (growth rate of appx 2% per yr)
2. 90% of earth species are terrestrial(80% in the tropics)
3. tropical forests comprise just 7% of globe's land surface
4. be OBJECTIVE, not gullible |
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Term
| Endangered Species Act of 1973 |
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Definition
in response to extinction scare
4 primary commands:
1. Conserve listed species
2. Avoid jeopardy to listed species
3. Avoid destruction of critical habitat
4. Develops a process for recovery |
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Term
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Definition
| species that has been legally declared by the government to be facing extinction. This designation provides such spp with enhanced protection and mgmt. |
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Term
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Definition
| species that has been legally declared by the government to have a strong possibility of becoming endangered. This designation provides such spp with enhanced protection and mgmt. |
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Term
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Definition
| most frequently used source listing Endangered Species; issued by the International Union for Conservation of Nature & Natural Resources (IUCN) |
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Term
| factors causing a spp to become rare/endangered |
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Definition
1. natural processes
2. species' habitat threatened (human)
3. over exploitation via unwise hunting/fishing (human) ex: passenger pigeon
4. intro of predatory exotics that wipe out native pop (human)
5. intro of non-predatory exotics that increase competition & disease(human)
6. any other afctors which require assistants form humans to survive |
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Term
| features that predispose spp to become rare/endangered |
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Definition
(1)sp has narrow habitat requirements or restricted distribution (i.e., limited to islands or isolated bodies of water). EXAMPLE: cichlids in Lake Victoria
(2) sp has economic importance, especially if they cross national boundaries or live in international territory. EXAMPLE: blue whale
(3) sp has large size, predacious, or intolerant of humans or we’re intolerant of it. EXAMPLE: gray wolf
(4) sp has limited #s of offspring per breeding or long gestation/incubation periods requiring extensive parental care. EXAMPLE: Mississippi sandhill crane
(5) sp has highly specialized physical, behavioral, physiological adaptations or high genetic vulnerability. EXAMPLE: giant panda |
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Term
| Recent Extinctions and Endangered/Threatened species: (fisheries) |
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Definition
Human activities have led to the extinction of 27 spp and 13 subspecies of freshwater fishes in N. America in the 20thcentury.
-18 spp and 3 subspecies of mussels may be extinct in N. America; these 21 represent about 7% of all the spp and subspp of freshwater mussels in N. America.
-all 6 spp of sea turtles that inhabit U.S. waters have been listed as endangered/threatened.
EX: Kemp's Ridley's nest in Mexico |
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Term
| patterns of imperiled fisheries taxa |
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Definition
-The greatest # of imperiled freshwater taxa are concentrated within the southwestern and southeastern regions of the U.S. and are from the freshwater fish families Cyprinidae (minnows) and Percidae (perches).
-Both regions are areas of high endemism, with numerous taxa existing in extremely small geographic ranges. |
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Term
| factors contributing to fisheries extinction/endangerment |
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Definition
(1) Deterioration or loss of habitat(2) Introduction of nonindigenous or exotic spp
(3) chemical alteration or pollution of water
(4) disease
(5) overharvest |
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Term
| Strategies to help endangered/threatened fisheries recover: |
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Definition
1. protect critical habitat conditions
2. propagation for stocking into historic/new basins
3. establishing refuges
4. controlling/eliminating introduced, nonnative spp |
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Term
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Definition
| species of direct importance to man for recreational, commercial or traditional reasons. Game animal status is designated by legislative action. |
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Term
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Definition
| species not considered game |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| birdwatching, photographing nature, visiting parks |
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Term
| status & concerns of nongame mgmt |
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Definition
1. concerned most w/ vertebrates
2. inconsistent & selectively enforced
3. avg of 5 persons per state
4. artificial & negative distinction b/t game & nongame spp
5. erroneous perception that nongame enthusiasts help antihunting mvmt
6. public attitudes about wildlife USE are polarized (no middle ground) |
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Term
| many definitions of "wildlife" |
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Definition
1.The Journal of Wildlife Mgmt(1937): “the practical ecology of all
vertebrates and their plant and animal associates.”
2. “Wildlife” used by Aldo Leopold to refer to all animals/plants.
3. taken on a “game vertebrate animal” connotation
4. Webster’s 9thNew Collegiate dictionary (1983): “living things that
are neither human nor domesticated (i.e., mammals, birds, and fishes hunted by man.)
5. use of term has come to mean all things living outside direct human control; broad definition and includes fish, plants, invertebrates,& vertebrates. |
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Term
| What are the problems w/ the bias towards mammals/birds? |
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Definition
1. objectively, wildlife should include all animals & ass. habitats
2. arbitrary to define wildlife only by taxonomic name
3. holistically, can't know all about specific animals w/out knowing of other animals their dependent on |
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Term
| wildlife management definitions (from historic to present) |
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Definition
1. Aldo Leopold (Game Management[1933]): “the art of
making land produce sustained annual crops of wild game for
recreational use.”
2. The Journal of Wildlife Mgmt(1937): “[wildlife mgmt],
along sound biological lines, is part of the greater movement for
conservationof our entire native fauna and flora.”
3. Giles (Wildlife Management[1978]): “the science and art*
of making decisions and taking actions to manipulatethe structure,
dynamics, and relations of populations, habitat, and people to achieve
specific human objectives...”
*NOTE:Giles felt that the field should involve both artand science.
4. Robinson and Bolen (Wildlife Ecology & Management[1984]):
“the application of ecological knowledgeto populations of vertebrate
animals and their plant and animal associates in a manner that
strikes a balancebetween the needs of those populations and
the needs of people.” |
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Term
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Definition
| cyclical relationship b/t animals, people, and habitat |
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Term
| 3 basic management approaches in which ecological knowledge is applied |
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Definition
a. Preservation - when nature is allowed to take its course
without human intervention.
b. Direct manipulation - when animal populations are trapped,
shot, poisoned, stocked, etc.
c. Indirect manipulation - when vegetation, water, or other
key components of wildlife habitat are altered. |
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Term
| synthesis of historical progression of wildlife management definitions |
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Definition
| The more we’ve learned about the systems we manage, the less art has been involved & the more science has played a role. |
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Term
| today's definitions of wildlife management |
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Definition
- use science to gain familiarity w/ system
- conduct experiments to determine what works/doesn't work
- use science to gain knowledge |
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Term
| today's solid definition of wildlife management |
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Definition
| Wildlife[and Fisheries] Mgmt uses knowledge gained via science to achieve a desired end. |
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Term
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Definition
“the fact or condition
of knowing something with familiarity gained through experience,
association, or education.” - Webster |
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Term
| desired ends of wildlife management |
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Definition
-maintenance of a given population level [status quo]
-changes in a fish or wildlife species’ population. [change]
-a change in opportunities for benefit of human populations
EXAMPLE:closing of oyster beds after rains w/high bacteria counts |
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Term
| characteristics of WM today |
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Definition
1. implies influence & application of human manipulation
2. interdisciplinary
3. transcends boundaries
4. involves conservation
5. Preservation
6. active/inactive
7. involves knowledge about number & consumptive habits of humans |
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Term
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Definition
| the strategy of leaving something alone |
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Term
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Definition
| does something to the population such as increase or decrease numbers directly through activities like translocations o rhunting. It may involve manipulating an aspect of the habitat that will cause an increase or decrease in the population. EXAMPLES–controlling predators or habitat improvement to reduce mortality & provide needed cover for neonates. |
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Term
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Definition
| used when populations are so poorly understood; no action is taken because managers do not have enough information to make informed decisions. Also referred to as passive or nonmanagement. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. Make a population increase. 2. Make a population decrease. 3. Harvest the population for a continuing yield. 4. Do nothing except monitor the population. NOTE:the choice of goals is a value judgment (subjective), but the implementation of chosen goals involves scientific/technical procedures (objective). |
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Term
| why animals in WM not looked upon equally |
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Definition
1. bias for so-called "higher" forms(birds, mammals); few % regarded as game
2. bias towards own interests
3. distinguish fish (water) from wildlife (terrestrial) *Dr. D. says "fish and wildlife"
4. SYNTHESIS: there is a separation of those organisms termed wildlife (birds, mammals) from other vertebrates
(fish, herps) and from inverts and plants. |
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Term
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Definition
HISTORY: For many years “use” meant harvest. So, conservation
programs were focused only on those organisms which were important
in meeting the needs of human users (e.g. hunters, fishermen.)
TODAY: Modern public agencies and conservationists recognize that
“no use” is a valid goal of a conservation program. |
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Term
| History of WM & Conservation Biology |
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Definition
- Early 20th c, WM=C
- 1950's, preference of WM for birds & mammals evident
- 1970s-early 80's, WM focus on whole communities
- 1970s, C began to express interest in spp that have no obvious impact on human welfare
- TODAY, WM & C encompass biodiversity, threatened/endangered spp, genetics, & maintenance of ecosystems; WM=spp->man; C=all spp |
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Term
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Definition
| manipulation of populations |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| educational background of WM |
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Definition
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Term
| educational background of CB |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| selected species of higher vertebrates |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| professional affiliation of WM |
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Definition
| primarily state & federal agencies |
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Term
| professional affiliation of CB |
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Definition
| primarily academic institutions |
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Term
| 3 levels that CB works on |
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Definition
a. Preservation of genetic diversity(heterozygosity)
and avoidance of genetic bottlenecks(situation where only a few
individuals provide the total pool of genes for a population).
b. Preservation of species diversity(# of spp naturally occurring within a community). EXAMPLE:# of beetle
spp in tropical forests [could be important to WM too: arthropods are crucial food for breeding ducks and are vectors for pathogens]
c. Preservation of ecosystem diversity to protect natural diversity [could be important to WM too: tropical forests
are winter habitat for selected species of migratory birds]
WM places most emphasis on second 2 |
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Term
| both WM & CM are ____________ disciplines whose dual existence broadens & enhances human understanding of our biological surroundings |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| both jawless and jawed forms. Includes lampreys, sharks, rays, minnows, basses, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| a fishery is a union/interaction of marine or aquatic organisms/resources and humans. |
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Term
| a fishery includes 3 things: |
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Definition
| (1) target organism(e.g., bass fishery, spotted trout fishery, catfish fishery). (2) habitatin which the organism lives. (3) human consumers |
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Term
| a fishery is more than the __________ _______ |
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Definition
target organism
ANALOGY: an ichthyologistis a scientist who studies just one part of the picture (target organism); a fishery biologist studies the entire system –target organism, habitat, user. |
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Term
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Definition
those individual(s) directly involvedwith the
consumption of fish (EXAMPLE:fly fisherman, individuals around
the table, etc) |
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Term
| indirect user (fisheries) |
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Definition
those individual(s) indirectly involved with consumption of fish (EXAMPLE:bait dealers, guides, canners, food
preparation personnel, grocery stores, etc) |
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Term
| today fisheries biologists w/ game agencies also work w/ __________ _________ |
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Definition
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Term
| the concept of ________ ________ discussed in reference to wildlife also applies to fisheries. |
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Definition
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Term
| fisheries have a _______ focus |
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Definition
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Term
| Fisheries Conservation (FC) & MGMT (FM) |
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Definition
The manipulation of human interactions with living aquatic/marine resources in a manner that allows humans to gain
some sustainable benefit from these resources. These resources
can be natural (FC)(e.g., coral reef) or a product of human
rearing/stocking (FM)(e.g., hatchery). |
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Term
| manipulation (fisheries) directed towards: |
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Definition
- resources themselves
- aquatic habitats that resources live w/in
- behavior of ppl these are the 3 components of a fishery & Giles' triad |
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Term
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Definition
| introduced, non-native organisms. |
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Term
| according to wildlife biologists, exotics can: |
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Definition
(1) have severe consequenceson native environments(EXAMPLE:fish in lakes) –MOST COMMON
(2) be considered to be generally successful(EXAMPLE:ring-necked pheasants) –LESS COMMON
(3) represent little more than a passing fad (EXAMPLE:giraffes in the Hill Country of Texas). |
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Term
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Definition
| Exotics, in some instances, may be excluded by government policy and regulation |
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Term
| exotic ungulates in TX are considered _________ and are regulated by Texas Dept of Agriculture (not TPWD) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| hoofed animals (horse, rhino, elephant, ruminants [chew cud]) |
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Term
| Dr. D's term to include all processes of WFM |
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Definition
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Term
Today’s mgmt/conservation Q's require decisions be made using the
best possible information, based on _______ ________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the attainment of knowledge using experimental methodology (scientific method). |
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Term
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Definition
Information gathered, often through observation of a
system. This involves a series of steps:
1. Hypothesis
2.design experiment
3. conduct experiment
4. evaluate results
5. develop new hypothesis/repeat |
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Term
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Definition
A tentative explanation (based on experience/observation/
education) that accounts for a set of facts and can be tested by
further investigation. |
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Term
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Definition
| those who harvestor consume animals (EXAMPLE:hunters, fishers, commercial fishers, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| those individuals who participate in animal recreation(EXAMPLE:bird watchers, sight seeing, etc), but do not capture or consume the organism(s) in question. |
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Term
| Human Dimensions researchers |
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Definition
| those scientists who study human attitudes, economics, preferences or components of a fishery or wildlife system. Much of their work focuses on surveys of hunters, birders, etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| species of fish or wildlife which are harvested for recreation or commercial purposes (EXAMPLE:striped bass, mullet, cod, yellow fin tuna, wahoo, white-tailed deer,alligators, northern bobwhite, fox squirrels). |
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Term
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Definition
| species of fish or wildlife which are not normally harvested(EXAMPLE:horned lizards, toadfish, red darter, cardinal, bald eagle, pygmy mouse, snapping turtle). |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of the relationships between organismsand their environments. |
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Term
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Definition
| someone who studies ecology (EXAMPLE:a wildlife ecologist, avian ecologist, wetlands ecologist, marine ecologist, etc). |
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Term
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Definition
| those individuals who are interested in a given qualityof environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| through using science, they concentrate their efforts on the ecology of vertebrates, as opposed to an invertebrate biologist/zoologist. |
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Term
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Definition
| nonmigratory spp that can be produced on farms and are a suitable by-product of farming (EXAMPLE:bobwhite quail, squirrels, rabbits). |
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Term
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Definition
| nonmigratory spp that are compatible with forestry or livestock and are a suitable by-product of such (EXAMPLE:turkey, deer, elk). |
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Term
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Definition
| those spp that are harmfulto or harmed by economic land usesand require special reserves or forests to be preserved as their habitat(EXAMPLE:grizzly bears, mountain lions, bighorn sheep).*spp we usually think of. |
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Term
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Definition
| spp that always leave the area where they were raised/spawned in the course of their seasonal movements/life (EXAMPLE:geese, deer, whales, salmon). |
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Term
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Definition
| spp that can be produced and marketed due to the commercial value of their pelts(EXAMPLE:coyotes, otters, bobcats). |
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Term
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Definition
| animals that kill other spp or are considered dangerous to livestock (EXAMPLE:wolves, bobcats, owls). |
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Term
| rare & endangered species |
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Definition
| spp of native fish and wildlife that are threatened with extinction as officially designated by the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (EXAMPLE:kangaroo rat, Tooth Cave spider, soft-leaved paintbrush flower). |
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Term
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Definition
| spp that find habitat in cities (EXAMPLE:pigeons, rats, coyotes). |
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Term
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Definition
| spp that exist in parks (EXAMPLE: practically all of the spp listed above) [~wilderness species] |
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Term
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Definition
| the maintenance of genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity, and *the wise, sustainable use and *manipulation of natural resources to *benefit man and *protect natural diversity. |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of conservation involving absolute protection, non-interference, and non-manipulation. |
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Term
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Definition
| resources that are either eaten by humans or used to produce industrial products. |
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