Term
| which of the following is not a natural hazard? |
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Definition
| volcano, earthquake, hurricane, tsunami, mudslide |
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Term
| How does a catastrophe differ from a disaster? |
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Definition
| A catastrophe requires a long recovery time while a natural disaster is not one unless there is population density, land use, magnitude & frequency |
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Term
| Why is history important in understanding natural hazards? |
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Definition
| It helps predict the the next eruption or disaster by following a pattern. |
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Term
| Why are precursor events important? |
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Definition
| help with evacuation/saving lives |
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Term
| To what does the concept of acceptable risk refer? |
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Definition
| risk society willing to endure |
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Term
| why does population increase affect the number of catastrophic events? |
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Definition
| thicker the population density and land use among other things increases the severity of what might be considered a disaster |
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Term
| Which of the following natural hazards is not likely to occur in Michigan? |
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Definition
| tsunami, hurricane, earthquake, volcano, tornado |
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Term
| How does earthquake magnitude differ from intensity? |
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Definition
| magnitude refers to the quantitative and the intensity refers to the qualitative. |
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Term
| The 1811-1812 New Madrid earthquakes were different from most California earthquakes because... |
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Definition
| It was an intraplate earthquake rather than an interplate EQ/much stronger than interplate/ rocks stronger in Eastern US |
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Term
| A strike-slip fault has what type of motion? |
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Definition
| right lateral vs. left lateral |
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Term
| Surface waves are produced by... |
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Definition
| seismic activity, volcano? earthquake? |
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Term
| During the strain accumulation phase of the earthquake cycle... |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might the emission of radon gas be useful in predicting earthquakes? |
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Definition
| radon gas is emitted from rocks electrical currents while the pressure builds before the actual earthquake |
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Term
| Which of the following is not a likely effect of an earthquake? |
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Definition
| shaking, ground rupture, liquefaction (saturated sediment becomes liquid), landslides, fires, diseases, tsunamis, land topography |
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Term
| Why is ravine erosion a problem at Grand Valley State University? |
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Definition
| Because the foundations of the buildings could be affected |
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Term
| Viscosity of magma is controlled by what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do composite volcanoes consist of alternating lava and pyroclastic layers? |
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Definition
| The lava flows then the ash falls on top of that layer and then is covered by more lave and so on |
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Term
| The shape of shield volcanoes is a function of |
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Definition
| many lava flows, low viscosity |
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Term
| Mid-ocean ridge volcanism produces what type of volcanic rock? |
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Definition
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Term
| Composite cones typically are associated with what type of plate tectonic feature? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the principal difference between craters and calderas? |
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Definition
| crater is a depression at top of volcano only a few km's a caldera is 20 or more km's |
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Term
| Why were the citizens of Heimaey, Iceland, successful in stopping the lava flow that threatened their harbor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is one reason that ash fall is such a significant hazard? |
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Definition
| can destroy crops and land use for years |
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Term
| Hundreds of residents near a dormant volcano at Lake Nyos died when |
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Definition
| CO2 released into the air |
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Term
| The number of fatalities from the Mt. Pinatubo eruption was relatively low because |
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Definition
| much effort made to evacuate when volcanic activity warned officials |
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Term
| Seismic activity serves as a tool of volcanic forecasting because |
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Definition
| molten lava rising to the crust creates earthquakes through disruption of the rocks before the actual eruption |
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Term
| Why is the geologic history of a volcano important in hazard prediction? |
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Definition
| because volcano's erupt every X years give or take a couple thousand years |
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Term
| Why is topographic monitoring sometimes useful in forecasting a volcanic eruption? |
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Definition
| The seismic activity created by volcanic activity can sometimes cause the topography to shift |
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Term
| The portion of rainfall that flows off the land and directly into a river is called... |
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Definition
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Term
| What is river base level? |
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Definition
| the lowest point which a river can erode to...usually being sea level |
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Term
| The suspended load of most rivers consists mostly of... |
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Definition
| sediment carried above streambed |
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Term
| If a stream channel is of constant width and depth, how must increased discharge be accommodated? |
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Definition
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Term
| The total load of sediment that a river carries in a given period of time is called |
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Definition
| Total Load/Discharge Rate? |
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Term
| Which type of seismic wave has the highest amplitude? |
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Definition
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Term
| Material Amplification refers to... |
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Definition
| seismic shaking amplified through soft sediments such as clay and silt |
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Term
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Definition
| Velocity = Wavelength * Frequency |
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Term
| A caldera eruption would likely be _________ times greater than the eruption of Mount Saint Helens in 1980. |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered a primary effect of a volcanic eruption? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following is not considered a primary effect of a volcanic eruption? |
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Definition
| Primary Effects are effects that are a direct result of the volcano |
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Term
| Where is the world’s largest active landslide? |
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Definition
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Term
| The eruption of Mount Saint Helens began with a(n) |
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Definition
| a horizontal blast blowing off a chunk of the side of teh volcano |
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Term
| Which of the following is the best solution to the ravine problem? |
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Definition
| riprap/helicoptering in rocks |
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Term
| Which of the following rock types would be considered mafic? |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the magnitude of the earthquake that caused the 2004 Indonesian Tsunami? |
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Definition
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Term
| What caused the majority of deaths in the case history of Nevado del Ruiz? |
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Definition
| hazard maps were circulated but not explained correctly |
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Term
| The difference between an upstream and a downstream flood is . . . ? |
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Definition
| upstream flood is caused by intense rainfall in the upper drainage basic while downstream is caused because of longer storming that saturates the soil |
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Term
| What is the difference between a reactive and anticipatory response? |
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Definition
| anticipatory response is a result of information obtained prior to an event while reactive response is a response to an event already happening |
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Term
| Why might global climate change impact the magnitude and frequency of hazardous events? |
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Definition
| because the temperature and pressure of the global climate greatly affects the magnitude and frequency of hazardous events |
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Term
| Why might global warming increase the magnitude and/or frequency of weather-related hazards? |
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Definition
| An increase in the average temp. of the global climate would lead to higher frequency |
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Term
| Mercalli intensity values assigned to locations how? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why might global warming increase the magnitude and/or frequency of weather-related hazards? |
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Definition
| An increase in the average temp. of the global climate would lead to higher frequency |
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Term
| How can injection of liquid wastes cause earthquakes? |
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Definition
| creates stress by altering the underlying rocks |
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Term
| Why have 20th Century earthquakes in Turkey suggested that some earthquakes beget subsequent earthquakes? |
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Definition
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Term
| An active fault is defined as a fault that.. |
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Definition
| Still displays seismic activity |
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Term
| Why did the 1976 Tanshan earthquake in China deal a blow to the Chinese earthquake prediction program? |
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Definition
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Term
| The deadly 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz is an example of inaccurate prediction. |
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Definition
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Term
| Volcanic eruptions are one of the few natural hazards that have no benefit to humans. |
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Definition
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Term
| The focus is the point at depth where the rocks ruptured to produce the earthquake. |
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Definition
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Term
| An earthquake with a deep focus is more destructive than an earthquake with a shallow focus. |
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Definition
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Term
| Mudslides may be caused by plate tectonics or atmospheric disturbance. |
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Definition
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Term
| Viscosity is a primary control on the nature of volcanic activity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hot lava typically flows faster than cold lava of similar composition |
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Definition
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Term
| A shield volcano is typically andesitic in composition. |
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Definition
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Term
| Bubbles stay preserved the longest in the lava with the lowest viscosity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lava with high solid content flows faster than lava with low solid content. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lava flows are the most dangerous of the primary volcanic hazards. |
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Definition
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Term
| The 1980 eruption of Mt. St. Helens produced large lava flows that filled the nearby river valleys. |
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Definition
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Term
| Base Level of a stream is typically sea level |
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Definition
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Term
| There was no secondary prevention for flooding in the New Orleans, Hurricane Katrina case history. |
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Definition
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Term
| The November 2002 earthquake that occurred in Alaska was classified as a disaster due to a rupture of the oil pipeline. |
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Definition
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Term
| Levees constructed on the Mississippi River provided a false sense of security to landowners along its banks. |
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Definition
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Term
| A catastrophe is an event that requires a long recovery period. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most natural hazards are non-repetitive events. |
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Definition
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Term
| The epicenter of an earthquake is the point of rupture along the fault. |
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Definition
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Term
| Depth of focus is an important factor in determining the intensity. |
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Definition
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Term
| Most large earthquakes in the U.S. are interplate earthquakes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The magnitude of an earthquake is a function of its location. |
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Definition
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