Term
| The Division of Latin America |
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Definition
1. Portugal conquered Brazil
2. Spain conquered most of Latin America: Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Chile, Argentina, Uruguay, plus Central America and Mexico
3. British, French and Dutch divided Guina and Caribbean Islands
B.4. most land owned by large landowners who were granted land by European kings (plantations, haciendas, latifundia); no small farms in the U.S. Midwest.
5. Concentrated land ownership and slavery produced highly stratified and unequal societies, with a small, very healthy elite and the vast majority very poor |
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Term
| The Colonial Era: 1500-Early 1800s |
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Definition
1. Imperial powers exported raw material and agricultural products from Latin American colonies
2. Indigenous people used for labor initially, but most died quickly in mines and on plantations
3. imported slaves from Africa for labor |
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Term
| Independence during the 1800s |
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Definition
| Spanish colonies rebelled against Spain in 1820s and won independence. new nations modeled laws after France and the US to try to developed like the core's. Elites blocked political participation by the rest of society, and the military often seized direct control and installed dictators Britain replaces Spain as the major investor, core and trading in Latin America (just like the rubber industry). despite independence, Latin American nations were unable to be healthy like core nations. |
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Term
| The Development of undevelopement. |
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Definition
| 1. Colonial legacy of concentration of land, extreme inequality, exporting raw materials and agricultural products to the core, and blocked political participation made economic development difficult |
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Term
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Definition
| economic progress measured either by economic growth or in social terms of the overall well-being of the population |
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Term
| Key problem with following the core model of development |
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Definition
| the core was never underdeveloped, only undeveloped, making this model not useful for other areas |
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Term
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Definition
| a process of exploitation of a periphery by a core nation that benefits the core nation’s economic growth but leaves the periphery with a legacy of inequality, lost resources, political instability, and environmental degradation that makes future development very difficult to achieve |
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Term
| underdevelopment of the periphery is part of and essential to |
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Definition
| the development of the core as capitalist economies in the core expanded to incorporate the rest of the world as peripheries |
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Term
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Definition
develop economically and industrially when their ties to the core are weakest (e.g. World War I and the Great Depression of the 1930s in Brazil and Argentina)
3. however, when ties are restored, previous development is choked off or redirected to benefit the core |
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Term
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Definition
| in the cities of the periphery extract profits from rural areas, just as core nations extract profits from the periphery |
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Term
| the most underdeveloped regions are those with |
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Definition
| the closest historical ties to the core but whose industries went bust (e.g. rubber in the Amazon, sugar in Northeastern Brazil) |
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Term
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Definition
1. Colonial legacy of extreme inequality, political instability, exporting to the core, and underdevelopment has seen maintained.
2. efforts to promote development focus on attracting foreign investments and forming regional trade agreements
3. some economic growth is occurring, but most are poor
4. Brazil as representative of current conditions |
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Term
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Definition
1. Brazil divided into 15 captainas
2. large plantations used coerced labor (mainly slavery) to produce sugar and other exports
3. Large land had most government responsibilities, making them the most powerful political force and making the state weak
4. Industrialization forbidden by Portuguese
5. relied on products like sugar, brazilwood, and oil for lighting for exports and |
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Term
| In the colonial economy, land owners use what type of relations and why? |
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Definition
| landowners used patron-client relations to control the population: client gives labor and loyalty to the patron in exchange for protection, land and water; used in Sertao, Northeast, and other parts of Brazil |
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Term
| Post-Independence Economy 1825-1910 in northeast |
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Definition
| sugar industry continued in Northeast, but much lower profits |
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Term
| Post-Independence Economy 1825-1910 inthe Amazon |
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Definition
| Rubber Boom in the Amazon |
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Term
| Rubber Boom in the Amazon 1825-1910 in Brazil |
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Definition
Coffee boom in southern Brazil: Brazil became the world’s largest exporter of coffee.
a. ending of slavery in 1888 led to promotion of immigration from Italy, Japan, and later Germany to grow coffee.
4. first small scale industries developed to serve the Brazilian market (textiles, household goods, etc.) |
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Term
| C. Import substitution Industrialization during World Wars and Great Depression |
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Definition
1. weakened ties to core reduced markets for exports and gave incentive to Brazilian businesses and the Brazilian government to build factories to supply the local market
2. jobs in factories in cities began drawing millions of rural people to cities |
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Term
| Video: “Brazil: New World in the Tropics” |
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Definition
a. major historical periods and raw materials exports
b. the Brazilian racial system
c. the role of the Amazon
d. the construction of Brasilia, the national capital
e. living conditions for different sectors of the population |
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Term
| Return to Export-Led Development: 1970-Present |
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Definition
1. military government promoted capital goods industrialization (producing consumer durables like cars and airplanes and the machinery and other inputs used in factories)
2. Large projects like iron ore, bauxite and other minerals in the Amazon to mine, process and export raw materials to the core
3. TNCs and foreign loans used to pay for development efforts
4. military government held down workers, despite very high inflation, making inequality even greater but providing more funds for investment by the wealthy. |
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Term
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Definition
| production for export to Japan in southern, central and now Amazonian Brazil throws rural people out of work because of mechanized production |
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Term
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Definition
| reduced demand for Brazilian exports collapsing the economy and making a high inflation, causing not enough money to repay foreign loans, bankrupting the government. |
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Term
| How did Brazil maintain payments on foreign loans |
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Definition
| loans from International Monetary Fun on foreign debt required gov. to reduce wages and subsidies to the poor. |
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Term
| What happened to Brazils economy in the 1990s? |
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Definition
| economy recovered and grew because of efforts to fight inflation, openness to foreign investment, and formation of regional free trade agreement, Mercosur. Hasn't suffered greatly from the global economic slowdown in the 2000s or the current global recession because of its natural resources exports to china, the only industrializing economy that has grown consistently in the 2000s 12. Gov. has used this wealth to fight hunger and poverity but partially successful because of the severity of poverty. |
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Term
| Continuities in the Brazilian Economy |
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Definition
1. tremendous inequality since colonial era
2. boom and bust cycles in different raw materials industries that export to the core (e.g. rubber, coffee)
3.dependence on and vulnerability to markets in the core for Brazilian products (Neo colonialism) |
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Term
| Relative levels of development in Brazil and the U.S. |
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Definition
GNP per capita in US dollars (2008)
Brazil: $7,350 (15.5% of U.S.; 82nd out of 210 countries in the world)
U.S.: $47,580 (14th out of 210 countries)
World Average: $8,613
Gross National Product: total value of all goods and services produced in the economy during the year
Source: World Bank: www.worldbank.org |
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Term
| Income Inequality in Brazil vs. the U.S. |
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Definition
Gini Coefficient (measures inequality of income distribution):
11th highest in the world for Brazil
53rd highest in U.S. (out of 150 ranked)
Brazil: top 10% have 44.8% of total income bottom 20% have 2.8%
U.S.: top 10% have 29.9%
bottom 20% have 5.4%
Source: World Bank: www.worldbank.org |
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Term
| BRAZILIAN POLITICS: Historical Legacies: Captaincies? What type of relations? What did coerced labor do? |
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Definition
. Historical Legacies
1. captaincies created powerful large landowners who controlled politics locally and nationally after independence
2. Patron-client relations required political loyalty of clients: vote as the patron orders
3. Coerced labor: first slavery, then debt peonage |
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Term
| BRAZILIAN POLITICS: What was the government like? and the legal system? |
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Definition
4. weak government because of power of landowners
A.5. Private violence rather than reliance on the police and legal system
a. by private armies, off-duty police, and vigilantes
6. injustice in the legal system:
a. "dar um jeito": to find a way around the law, often via corruption. |
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Term
| The Evolution of the Brazilian Political System |
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Definition
| control by large landowners and dictatorship with little democracy from independence through 1945 |
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Term
| The Evolution of the Brazilian Political System 1945-1964 |
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Definition
| democracy with growing power of workers to get government to increase wages and consumption via ISI from landowners to the working and middle classes in the cities |
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Term
| The Evolution of the Brazilian Political System 1964-1985 |
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Definition
| Military government to restore order by controlling democracy, eliminating opponents, and redistributing wealth to large landowners and business owners by holding wages below rate of inflation |
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Term
C. 1985-Present: Return to Democracy
1. Given this history and the poverty of most Brazilians, why don’t the poor simply vote the elite out of power and make the government work to improve their lives? |
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Definition
a. continued economic and political power of elites
b. use of television to sway voters: election of telegenic Collor with support of largest television and media empire in Brazil.
C.1.c. continuation of patron-client system and lack of faith in democracy means voters use the power of votes before elections to secure public services and material benefits from candidates; the candidates who help people most then get their votes, but resources for these benefits come from the elite |
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Term
| distrust of the government |
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Definition
| the elephant in the living room commercial |
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Term
| What did former president Cardoso do? |
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Definition
former leftist sociologist Cardoso (his ideas were the basis of Frank’s analysis of underdevelopment) elected president after serving as finance minister who tamed inflation
a. cutting inflation did make many lower income Brazilians better off during 1990’s because their wages were not wiped out immediately by inflation. |
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Term
| Why is the current preside of Brazil different? |
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Definition
| Luiz Ignacio da Silva (Lula), a factory worker then union leader, first working class president. repaid IMF with resource export wealth; to eliminate IMF ability, to restrict government spending on helping the poor. efforts to reduce poverty and hunger, but political power of the wealthy limits government to redistribute wealth from elites to the poor |
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Term
| How is a person’s race determined in Brazil? |
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Definition
1. A continuum of 136 colors.
2. Skin color
3. Other physical characteristics, including hair color and texture, shape of nose, and eye color.
4. Social class: higher social class and status=lighter color.
5. Social distance: more intimate and friendly relationships=lighter color. |
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Term
| How is the Brazilian racial system different from the U.S. system? |
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Definition
1. Not based on ancestry: U.S. has hypo descent: assigning a child the race of the parent with lower racial status.
2. Higher rate of interracial marriage in Brazil.
3. Very high rate of mixed ancestry in Brazil.
4. Little open racial tension.
5. Africans kept more of their distinct ethnic characteristics in Brazil.
B.6. Higher rate of interaction between racial groups in Brazil.
7. Limited race-based social movements in Brazil.
8. Brazil claims to be racial democracy, but systematic inequalities do exist. |
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Term
| What are the similarities between the Brazilian and U.S. racial systems? |
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Definition
1. Lighter color is higher status.
2. Close relationship between race and class status.
3. Origins in history of slavery of Africans and their descendents.
4. Race is a social construction, not a simple biological characteristic.
5. Genocide of indigenous peoples.
C.6. Immigration policies historically favored Europeans over other racial groups.
7. Institutional discrimination |
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Term
| Institutional discrimination |
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Definition
| Structural barriers that block access to scarce resources |
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Term
| Rapid urbanization in Brazil since 1940 main causes are? |
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Definition
a. Poverty and lack of opportunity in rural areas
b. mechanization of agriculture=even fewer rural jobs
c. ISI and ELD created relatively well-paying jobs in factories in cities
d. attraction of "action" in the cities |
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Term
| Rapid Urbanization since 1940 causes the poor to be? What do Brazilians use the Amazon for? |
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Definition
2. poor are stigmatized, but are essential to the Brazilian economy and culture.
A.3. efforts to use the Amazon as a place for migrants to go, rather than the cities |
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Term
| Rapid Urbanization in Brazil causes the uality of life in the cities to be? |
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Definition
1. Recife the Northeast (sugar producing region) the 4th worst in the world
2. cities unable to provide services to keep up with rapid growth (sewers, water, electricity, roads, etc.) |
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Term
| Rapid Urbanization in Brazil causes the migrants to? |
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Definition
3. industries did not create enough jobs for all migrants
B.4. most migrants moved into favelas (shantytown slums) with poor housing and infrastructure; often started and growing through squatting on government and private land
5. many work in informal economy (activity outside the legally regulated markets), including crime and drugs, but more commonly small businesses and casual employment
6. Violence and drugs an increasing part of daily life
B.7. highly stressful way of life in favelas |
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Term
| Brasilia: The National Capital |
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Definition
1. New city built in late 1950s to spur development in central Brazil
2. Built in the shape of an airplane
3. Planned city: predetermined sectors for government buildings, hotels, offices, apartments, houses, stores, etc.
C.4. Doubled government officials’ salaries to get them to leave old capital of Rio de Janeiro
5. Plans did not include housing for construction workers, who had to create their own favelas
6. Un-Brazilian architecture and layout of city |
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Term
| Efforts to "Brazilianize" Brasilia |
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Definition
Efforts to "Brazilianize" Brasilia: cafes and bars put tables out to block streets and create a cosmopolitan atmosphere
C.9. Large migrant flow on buses from interior leads to squatter favelas on the planned equivalent of the national mall in the center of the city |
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Term
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Definition
1. A real man is powerful, fearless, always ready to prove his manhood, and dominant and sexually aggressive in relations with women
2. Men essentially driven by their biological nature.
3. Gendered division of labor, with men in the public sphere of paid labor and politics
4. Male promiscuity |
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Term
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Definition
1. Motherhood as main role of women
2. Reproductive labor in the household (private/domestic sphere, not public)
3. Dependence on men
4. Women have moral authority over child-like men, especially mothers over sons
5. Women’s political activism based on being a good mother and taking care of the family
6. Increasing rate of female-headed households |
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Term
| Socializing Children, Homosexuality is caused by? Gay means what in Brazil? and Lesbianism? |
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Definition
1. Homosexuality seen as caused by socialization, not biology
2. In Brazil, gay refers to the passive, feminine partner in homosexual intercourse; the aggressive, masculine partner is not considered gay
3. Lesbianism is not viewed as negatively, since lesbians can be good mothers |
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Term
| Mothers do not want male children to be? |
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Definition
Mothers do not want male children to be gay, so they do not teach them to do tasks defined as women’s work
5. This reproduces machismo, promiscuity and abuse of women |
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Term
| Important role of fictive kinship? How are god parents viewed? What are Agregados? |
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Definition
Important role of fictive kinship: treating outsiders as family members
a. Godparents: close relationship with godchildren and their parents, especially sharing financial and other resources
C.6.b. Agregados: people who live with a family and who are treated as family members, even though they are not related; often used as an informal adoption system
7. Close family ties and fictive kin in the Brazilian situation of scarce resources helps families economically |
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Term
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Definition
| Another early source of resistance that was permitted by the military government |
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Term
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Definition
| organized by women to access the resources that they need to be good mothers; usually made up of the poor who are seeking help with difficulties of daily life |
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Term
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Definition
directly challenging male dominance in the economy and politics; mainly composed of middle class and upper class women
a. 1988 constitution includes provisions for equal pay for equal work and maternity leave. |
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Term
| Efforts to combat violence against women. |
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Definition
a. O.J. Simpson in Brazil and defense of honor.
b. Women’s police stations |
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Term
| Religion in Brazil is historically what kind of country? why? what is popular catholicism? |
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Definition
1. Portuguese brought missionaries and the catholic church hierarchy to Brazil
2. Catholic hierarchy tied to large landowners and the government.
3. Many elements of African religions and Indigenous religions incorporated into Catholic practice as "popular Catholicism"
4. Chronic shortage of priests left Catholics with little official control over beliefs and practices |
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Term
| Rise of other religions in Brazil? |
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Definition
| Spiritism and protestantism |
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Term
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Definition
1. Spiritism: a variety of religious practices that share belief in supernatural spirits who communicate with humans through the temporary possession of devotees
a. Spiritism based in large part on African religions brought by slaves but officially outlawed.
b. Had to survive in disguise
c. Has incorporated indigenous and other beliefs |
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Term
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Definition
Protestantism, and especially Pentecostal groups, the fastest growing religions in Brazil
a. Popular among urban poor because they provide a new family for isolated urban residents and offer power via efforts to provide new resources |
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Term
| In Brazil the Liberation Theology in Catholicism was? |
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Definition
1. Goal of providing a "preferential option for the poor", rather than the hierarchy’s traditional support for the elite on the government.
C.2. Implemented through ecclesiastical base communities (CEBs) that sought to improve the quality of life of the poor.
3. Opposed by the church hierarchy in most instances |
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Term
| Why did the liberation theology in catholicism decline in the 1990s? |
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Definition
| Declined in the 1990s because of democratization, collapse of communism in the Second World, papal opposition, and replacement of progressive bishops with conservativesDeclined in the 1990s because of democratization, collapse of communism in the Second World, papal opposition, and replacement of progressive bishops with conservatives |
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Term
| how is globalization affecting Brazil? |
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Definition
1. Historically, links to the world economy have extracted resources from Brazil to benefit other areas (animal oil for lighting, rubber, coffee.)
2. Openness to investment has led to increased foreign investment in Brazil; mining, mineral processing, cars.
3. Export of profits to core TNC’s
4. Decision making done by core TNCs, not Brazilian firms and government |
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Term
| Globalization of culture of Brazil? |
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Definition
Globalization of culture: cultural leveling and “Robin hood”, “
6. Brazil as a huge market for core TNCs
7. Strengthened ties to other South American nations via Mercosul: a common market linking Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay.
a. Mercosul has led to increased investment in Brazil and increased Brazilian exports. |
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