Term
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Definition
| specific events or chronic pressures that place demands on a person or threaten the person's well-being. |
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Term
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Definition
| the physical and psychological response to internal or external stressors |
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Term
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Definition
| the subfield of psychology concerned with ways psychological factors influence the causes and treatment of physical illness and the maintenance of health |
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Term
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Definition
| sources of stress that occur continuously or repeatedly |
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Term
| according to the college undergraduate stress scale, which of the following events is most stressful? |
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Definition
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Term
| a person living in an area where there is considerable traffic, noise, crowding, and pollution is exposed to what kinds of stressors? |
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Definition
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Term
| two groups are exposed to loud noise while trying to solve a puzzle. group a is instructed they can stop the noise by pushing a button, whereas group b is told nothing. Group A's puzzle-solving performance will |
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Definition
| become better than group B's |
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Term
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Definition
| an emotional and physiological reaction to an emergency that increases readiness for action |
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Term
| general adaptation syndrome (GAS) |
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Definition
| a three stage physiological response that appears regardless of the stressor that is encountered |
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Term
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Definition
| biochemicals indicating the activation of emotional systems. (ephinephrine and norepinephrine, which increase the sympathetic nervous ststem activation (increase heart rate, blood pressure, respiration rate) and decrease parasympathetic activation |
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Term
| the ___ activates the _____ gland to release _____. the ____ travels through the bloodstream to activate the ____ glands to release _____ and ____ which energizes the fight or flight response. |
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Definition
| hypothalamus, pituitary, ATCH, adrenal, catecholamines, cortisol |
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Term
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Definition
| horomone that increases the concentration of glucose in the blood to make fuel available to the muscles |
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Term
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Definition
1. alarm phase equivilant to flight or fight response (body rapidly mobilizes to respond to threat-energy)
2. resistance phase (body adapts to its high state of arousal as it tries to cope with the stressor-stops digestion, growth, sex drive, menstration, testosterone, sperm decrease)
3. exhaustion phase (the body's resistance collapses-leads to infection, tumor growth, aging, irreversible organ damage or death) |
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Term
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Definition
| a complex response system that protects the body from bacteria, viruses and foreign substances |
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Term
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Definition
| white blood cells that prduce antibodies that fight infection |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings. |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency toward easily aroused hostility, impatience, a sense of time urgency, and competitive achievement strivings. |
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Term
| how stress causes a heart attack |
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Definition
| stress activated arousal of the sympathetic nervous system, blood pressure goes up and stays up, and this gradually damages the blood vessles. the damaged vessels accumuate plaque and the more paque, the greater the likelihood of coronary heart disease. |
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Term
| ___ and coronary heart disease are linked |
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Definition
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Term
| posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) |
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Definition
| a disorder characterized by chronic phsiological arousal, recurrent unwanted thoughts or images of the trauma, and avoidance of things that call the traumatic event to mind |
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Term
| ___ a stressor you believe you might not be able to overcome or a ___ a stressor you feel fairly confident you can control |
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Definition
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Term
| what structure in the brain might be an indicator for susceptibility to PTSD? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a state of physicall, emotional and mental exhaustion created by long-term involvement in an emotionally demanding situation and accompanied by lower performance and motivation |
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Term
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Definition
| avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint |
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Term
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Definition
| facing a stressor and working to overcome it. |
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Term
| when a person feels threatened, a chain of events occurs within the nervous and endocrine systems to prepare the body for action. this reaction starts in the |
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Definition
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Term
| in hans selye's general adaption syndrome, the alarm phase is equivalent to |
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Definition
| the fight or flight response |
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Term
| development of heart disease is linked to which psychological characteristic? |
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Definition
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Term
| a person who is experiencing physical, emotional, or mental exhaustion and reduced performance and motivation due to long-term involvemnt in an emotionally demanding situation is experiencing |
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Definition
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Term
| rational coping 3 step process |
|
Definition
acceptance, coming to realize that the stressor exists and cannot be wished away
exposure, attending to the stressor, thinking about it, and even seeking it out
understanding, working to find the meaning of the stressor in your life. |
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Term
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Definition
| finding a new or creative way to think about a stressor that reduces its threat |
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Term
| stress inoculation training |
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Definition
| a therapy that helps people to cope with stressful situations by developing positive ways to think about the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| a technique for reducing tension by consciously relaxing muscles of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| a condition of reduced muscle tension, cortical activity, heart rate and breathing rate and bood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of eternal monitoring divice to obtain information about a bodily function and possibly gain control over that function |
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Term
| what are benifits of exersize? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are benifits of exersize? |
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Definition
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Term
| what are benifits of exersize? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are benifits of exersize? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| the aid gained though interacting with others |
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Term
women release this hormone when stressed
tend and befriend |
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Definition
| oxytocin -nuture others, create and maintain cooperative groups |
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Term
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Definition
| diffuse unpleasent situations and bad feeling |
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Term
| avoiding situations or thoughts that are reminders of a stressor, and maintaining an artificially positive viewpoint is called |
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Definition
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Term
| if you experience anxiety at the thought of public speeking, a recommended technique is to picture the audience sitting there with no clothes on this is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| according to the research of shelly taylor, a woman is least likely to respond to stress by doing which of the following? |
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Definition
| taking a long drive by herself |
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Term
| a hormone that appears to be involved i the tend and befriend response to stress is |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the ability to store and retrieve information over time |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which we transform what we percieve, think, or feel into enduring memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process by which we transform what we percieve, think, or feel into enduring memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of bringing to mind information that has been previously encoded and stored |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory |
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Term
| memory is like cooking or photo? |
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Definition
| cooking, you start from a recipe but imporvising along the way some old and new info, mix shake bake ( you construct it) |
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Term
semantic judgements
rhyme judgements
visual judgements |
|
Definition
meaning of the word hat
hat and cat
is HAT written in upper or lower case? |
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Term
| which type of judgement had better memory of the word? semantic, rhyme or visual? |
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Definition
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Term
what part of the brain is activated in each?
semantic
organizational
visual |
|
Definition
semantic=lower left frontal lobe
organizational upper left frontal lobe
visual=occipital lobe |
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Term
visual imagery encoding
where does it take place in the brain? |
|
Definition
the process of storing new information by converting it into mental pictures
in the occipitial lobe
think of remembering a grocery list by going through your house pillow=popcorn |
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Term
orgizational encoding
what part of the brain? |
|
Definition
the act of categorizing information by noticing the relationships among a series of items
upper surface of the left frontal lobe
waitress: hot drinks, cold drinks, hot food, cold food, or hirearchy of animal/plant |
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Term
| the process of transforming information into a lasting memory is called |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the process of actively relating new information to knowledge that is already in memory is called |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| research described in the textbook found that servers in restaurants remember their orders by relying on |
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Definition
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Term
| visual imagery encoding occurs in which part of the brain? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of maintaining information in memory over time |
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Term
|
Definition
| the place in which sensory information is kept for a few seconds or less |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fast-decaying store of visual information |
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Term
|
Definition
| a fast-decayng store of auditory information |
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Term
|
Definition
| a place where nonsensory information is kept for more than a few seconds but less than a minute |
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Term
|
Definition
| the process of keeping information in short-term memory by mentally repeating it |
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Term
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Definition
| combining small pieces of information into larger clusters or chunks that are more easily held in shortt-term memory |
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Term
|
Definition
| actively maintenance of information in short-term storage |
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Term
|
Definition
| a place in which information can be kept for hours, days, weeks or years |
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Term
|
Definition
the inhability to transfer new information from the short-term memory store to the long-term store
like the man who had seziures-got his hippocampl removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| the inhability to retrieve information that was acquired before a particular date, usually the date of an injury or operation |
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Term
| we can generally remember __ digits, numbers or words |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this region is critical for putting new information into long term memory |
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Definition
hippocampal region
an 'index' that links together all of these otherwise separate bits and pieces so that we remember them as one memory (sight, sound, smells, emotion)
the index explains why people like HM cannot make new memories but why they can remember old ones |
|
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Term
| long-term potentiation (LTP) |
|
Definition
| enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections |
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Term
| a fast-decaying store of visual information is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| short-term memory can hold about __ meaninful items at once |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the region of the brain called the ___ plays an important role in long-term memory storage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| enhanced neural processing that results from the strengthening of synaptic connections is called |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| external information that is associated with stored information and helps bring it to mind |
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Term
| encoding specificity principle |
|
Definition
the idea that a retrieval cue can serve as an effective reminder when it helps recreate the specific way in which information was initally encoded
under water on land |
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Term
| state-dependent retrieval |
|
Definition
the tendency for information to be better recalled when the person is in the same state during encoding and retrieval
(happy/sad) |
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Term
| transfer-appropriate processing |
|
Definition
| the idea that memory is likely to transfer from one situation to another when we process information in a way that is appropriate to the retrieval cues that will be available later |
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Term
| trying to recall vs sucessfully recalling |
|
Definition
regions in the left frontal lobe show heightened activity when people try to retrieve info
successfully rememberin a past experience tends to be accompanied by activity in the hippocampal region |
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Term
| you are more likely to recall a happy event in your life when you are in a happy mood this illustrates |
|
Definition
| state-dependent retrieval |
|
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Term
| your textbook suggests that sitting in the same seat in a classroom every day, including exam day, may help you retrieve information learned in class when taking your exam. this illustrates |
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Definition
| encoding specificity principle |
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Term
| tryint to recall a melody involves the __ whereas successuflly recallling the melody involves the ___ |
|
Definition
| right frontal lobe, hippocampus and temporal lobe ??? is the book wrong? |
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Term
|
Definition
| the act of consciously or intentionally retrieving past experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| the influence of past experiences on later behavior and preformance even though people are not tring to recollect them and are not aware that they are remembering them |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice or knowing how to do things |
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Term
|
Definition
| an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus, such as a word or object, as a result of a recent exposure to the stimilus |
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Term
|
Definition
| a network of associated facts and concepts that make up our general knowledge of the world |
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Term
|
Definition
| the collection of past personal experiences that occured at a particular time and place |
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Term
| remembering how to ride a bike or tie your shoelaces illustrates |
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Definition
|
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Term
| an enhanced ability to think of a stimulus such as a word or object as a result of recent exposure to the stimulus is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| almost all american schoolchildren know that 4th of july celebrates the signing of the declaration of independence this illustrates |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| transience, absentmindedness, blocking, memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias, persistence |
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Term
transience-
retroactive interference and proactive interference |
|
Definition
forgetting what occurs with the passage of time
retroactive-forgetting what you did last monday (events smoosh together)
proactive intereference: remembering where you usually park your car vs where you actually did |
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Term
|
Definition
occurs when later learning impairs memory for information acquired earlier
forgetting what you did last monday (events smoosh together) |
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Term
|
Definition
earlier learning impairs memory for information later acquired
remembering where you usually park your car vs where you actually did |
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Term
absentmindedness
prospective memory |
|
Definition
a lapse in attention that results in memory failure
dividing attention less activity in the lower left frontal lobe-where elaborate encoding takes place |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
a failure to retrieve information that is available in memory even though you are trying to produce it
not being able to reproduce an actor's name |
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Term
| name blocking is associated with damage to parts of the ____ lobe |
|
Definition
| left temporal lobe on the surface of the cortex, most often as a result of a stroke |
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Term
|
Definition
assigning a recollection or an idea to the wrong source
sweet/needle demonstration in class
timothy mcveigh case
primary cause of eyewitness misidentifications |
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Term
|
Definition
recall of when, where and how information was acquired
could be the cause of deja vu |
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Term
| people with damage to their ____ are especially prone to misattribution errors |
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Definition
frontal lobes
frontal lobes play a sign role is effortful retrieval process, which are required to dredge up the correct source of a memory |
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Term
|
Definition
the tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollections
thinking they saw the plane crash into the building
the car crashes
you can make people think differenlty about their childhoods |
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Term
|
Definition
the distorting influenes of present knowledge, beliefs, and feelings on recollection of previous experiences
when you are happy you recall things being better than they were |
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Term
|
Definition
bias to reconstruct the past to fit the present
in 1973 you give your answers to what you think about issues
in 1983 you give you answers to what you thought you felt like in 1973, but it was really what you felt in 1983 |
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Term
|
Definition
tendency to exaggerate differences between what we feel or believe now and what we felt or believed in the past
you think you are more in love as you stay together longer |
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Term
|
Definition
the tendency to eaggerate the change between present and past in order to make ourselves look good in retrospect
you think you were more anxious before a test than you actually were |
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Term
|
Definition
| the intrusive recollection of events that we wish we could forget |
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Term
flashbulb memories
key player in emotional response to events |
|
Definition
detailed recollections of when and where we heard about shocking events
amygdala-activate stress related horomones such as adrenaline and cortisol
where you were when you heard about 911 |
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|
Term
| people with amygdala damage remember emotional events ___ as non emotional events |
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Definition
| they do not remember them any better |
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Term
| if you carry out the same work each day, by the time friday comes, it may be difficult to recall what you did monday-it blends this illustrates |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| when trying to recall the name of a book you read last summer, you feel that the answer is on the tip of your tounge this is a classic example of |
|
Definition
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Term
| in 1993, a cargo plane crashed into apartment building near amsterdam-the kids though they'd seen the film of the plane crashing, no such film exists, this is an example of |
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Definition
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|
Term
| students sometimes remember feeling more anxious before exams than they actually reported at the time this illustrate the memory failure called |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| some experience that results in a relatively permanent change in the state of the learner |
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Term
|
Definition
| a general process in which repeated or prolonged exposure to a timulus results in a gradual reduction in responding |
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Term
| ___ is defined as an experience that results in a relatively permanent change in an organisms behavior |
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Definition
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Term
| andi lives near the flight path of a large airport. at first she was keenly aware of the loud roar of the hets-now she no longer notices th sound |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most behaviorists in the mid-20th century argued that |
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Definition
| all learning is an observable activity |
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Term
|
Definition
when a neural stimulus evokes a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally evokes a response
pavlov's dogs learned to salavate at the sound of a bell |
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Term
|
Definition
something that reliably produes a naturally occuring reaction in an organism
presentation of food |
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Term
|
Definition
a reflexive reaction that is reliably elicited by an unconditioned stimulus
dog's salavation |
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Term
|
Definition
a stimulus that is initially neutral and produces no reliable response in an organism
ticking of the metradome |
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Term
|
Definition
a reaction that resembles an unconditioned response but is produce by a conditioned response
salavation to the bell |
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Term
|
Definition
| the phase of classical conditioning when the CS and the US are presented together |
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Term
|
Definition
| the gradual elimination of a learned response that occurs when the uS is no longer presented |
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Term
|
Definition
| the tenency of a learned behavior to recover from extinction after a rest peroid |
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Term
|
Definition
| a process in which the CR is observed even though the CS is slightyly different from the original one used during acquisition |
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Term
|
Definition
| the capacity to distinguish between similar but distinct stimuli |
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Term
|
Definition
in the amygdala also critical for emotional specifically fear conditioning
if the connections between the amygdala and the hypothalamus aree severed, the autonomic responses associated with fear cease
if connections linking the amygdala to the midbrain are disrupted, the rat does not exibit the behavioral freezing response |
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Term
|
Definition
robert rescorla and allan wagner theroized that classical conditioning only occurs when an animal as learned to set up an expectation
they predicted that conditioning would be easier when the Cs was an unfamiliar event |
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Term
|
Definition
| a propensity for learning particular kinds of associations over others |
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Term
| when you make noise with your can opener in the kitchen, but no longer follow the noise with a bowl of dog food, your dog will stop running into the kitchen at the sound of the can opener. your clever dog is displaying |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| every time little albert reached out to touch the cute white rat, the experimenter startled albert with a loud noise. soon little albert feared not only the rat but also a white rabbit a fur coat, and a santa claus mask. the phenomenon is called |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the classical conditioning of fear involves which area of the brain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| jeff loved chili dogs, but one day he ate one and soon after became violently ill. after that, the mere sight or smell of a chili dog made jeff nauseous. jeff's nauesa is an example of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of learning in which the consequences of an organism's behavior determine whether it will be repeated in the future
thordike's puzzle box for cats |
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Term
|
Definition
| the principle that behaviors that are followed by a 'satisfying state of affairs' tend to be repeated and those that produce an 'unpleasent state of affairs' are less likely to be repeated |
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Term
|
Definition
behavior that an organism produces that has some impact on the environment
skinner's skinner rat box |
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Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to increase the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| any stimulus or event that functions to decrease the likelihood of the behavior that led to it |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| for situations in which stimulus was presented |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| for situations in which stimulus was removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| where someting desirable is presented |
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Term
|
Definition
where something undesirable is removed
like the absence of a shock |
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Term
|
Definition
| where something unpleasant is administered |
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Term
|
Definition
| where something disirable is removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| food, comfort, shelter, warmth-they help satisfy biological needs |
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Term
|
Definition
derive their effectiveness from their associations with primary reinforcers through classical conditioning
money |
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Term
|
Definition
when external rewards can undermine the intrinsic satisfaction of performing a behavior
too much reinforcement
rewards backfire-like giving a group of children 'good player certificates' they spent even less time on drawings when they were removed |
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Term
|
Definition
| if a pigeon is reinforced for pecking a key whenever a particular tone is sounded but never reinforced if the tone is absent, the tone will become a discriminative stimulus-stimulus that is associated with reinforement for key pecking in that situation |
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Term
|
Definition
develops when a particular response only occurs when the appropriate stimulus is present
shows both discrimination and generalization
pigeons pecking to art work |
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|
Term
major difference:
classical conditioning responses are usualy ____, behaviors that an animal _____ displays. operant conditioning can produce ____ ____ behaviors. |
|
Definition
| hardwired, already, brand-new |
|
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Term
|
Definition
learning that results from the reinforcement of successive approximations to a final desired behavior
shamu doing a bunch of ticks |
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Term
|
Definition
pigeons doing odd things with 15 second intervals in skinner box
tiger wears his 'firce' red shirt
stench causes home runs |
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Term
|
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcements are presented at fixed time peroids, provided that the appropriate response is made
undergraduates studying hard just before exams |
|
|
Term
| variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which behavior is reinforced based on an average time that has expired since the last reinforcement
radio station promotions and giveaways
the next reinforcement is unpredictable |
|
|
Term
| ratio schedules produce slightly ____ rates of responding than fixed ratio schedules |
|
Definition
higher,
primarily because there's always the possibility of a reward after the very next response even if reinforcement was just obtained |
|
|
Term
| why ratio schedules encourage high and consistant rates of responding |
|
Definition
| the number of rewards recieved is directly related to the number of responses made |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which reinforcement is delivered after a specific number of responses have been made
buy 5 breads get one free! |
|
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Term
|
Definition
an operant conditioing principle in which the delivery of reinforcement is based on a particular average number of responses
why casinos stay in business |
|
|
Term
| intermittent reinforcement |
|
Definition
an operant conditioning principle in which only some of the responses made are followed by reinforcement
they produce behavior that is much more resistant to extinction than a continuous reinforcement schedule
the more irregular and intermittent a schedule is, the more difficult it becomes for an organism to detect when it has actually been placed on extinction |
|
|
Term
| intermittent reinforcement effect |
|
Definition
| the fact that operant behaviors that are maintained under intermittent reinforcement schedules resist extinction better than those maintained under continuous reinforcement |
|
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Term
|
Definition
a condition in which something is learned but it is not manifested as a behavioral change until sometime in the future
the control rat group that recieved no reinforcemet during the first 10 days then had a dramatic increase on the 12th day with reward-they were learning and tended to make fewer errors than the group that got rewards from the begining |
|
|
Term
medial forebrain bundle:
a pathway from the ___ through the _____ into the nucleus accumbens
these pathways are _____ |
|
Definition
midbrain, hypothalamus, dopaminergic
they secrete dopamine
rats will work to stimulate this pathway at the expense of food
are the most suceptible to stimulus that produces pleasure |
|
|
Term
| fmri studies show increased activit in the ___ ____ when men see pictures of attractive women |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 major pleasure centers in the brain |
|
Definition
| nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bunde, hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
congnitive map
why are they challenge to behaviorism? |
|
Definition
a mental representation of the physical features of the environment
rats in the maze, changed it around and they did well yet
it shows that operant conditioning involves much more than an animal responding to a stimulus-there is a strong cognitive component |
|
|
Term
| rat goes to left arm after it gets food in right arm of maze.. this puzzles behavorists |
|
Definition
| consistant with a rat's evolutionary preparedess-they are foraging animals-they already got the food out of the right arm |
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|
Term
which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?
food, shelter, warmth, money |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| some college students do relatively little work until just before the upcoming exam, when they engage in |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| the neurons in the ___ are crucial to behaviors associated with pleasure, such as eating drinking and sexual activity |
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Definition
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Term
| __ is a condition in which something is learned but not manifested in a behavioral change until sometime in the future |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a condition in which learning takes place by watching the actions of others |
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Term
| what do mirror neurons do? |
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Definition
play a crucial role in the imitation of behavior as well as the prediction of future behavior
they contribute to observational learning |
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Term
| after watching her 4 yr old brother burn his hands on a hot stove, isabel refused to even go near the stove. her behavior is best explained by the concept of |
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Definition
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Term
| mirror neurons in the brain fire : |
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Definition
| when an individual either preforms an action or watches someone else preform that action |
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Term
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Definition
learning that takes plae largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition
resistant to various disorders
sneaks in under the wires |
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Term
the areas that increase during explicit learning
areas that decreased brain activity after implicit learning |
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Definition
left temporal lobe, right frontal lobe, pariental lobe
prefrontal cortex, pariental cortex, hippocampus, and a variety of other areas known to be associated with the processing of expicit memories
occipital region |
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Term
| learning that takes place largely independent of awareness of both the process and the products of information acquisition is known as |
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Definition
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Term
which is true?
people with hight iq's are better implicit learners
implicit learning decreases across lifespan
people show large individual differences in implicit learning
amnesic patients with explicit learning problems still show normal implicit learning |
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Definition
| amnesic patients with explicit learning problems still show normal implicit learning |
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Term
| individuals who are given implicit instructions show decreased activity on which part of the brain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a system for communicating with others using signs that convey meaning and are combined accordingly to rules of grammar |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest unit of sound that is recognizable as speech rather than as random noise |
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Term
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Definition
the smallest meaningful units of language
a, ed, ous |
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Term
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Definition
| a set of rules that specify how the units of language can be combined to produce meaningful messages |
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Term
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Definition
| the meaning of a sentence |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the fact that children can map a word onto an underlying concept after only a single exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| the view that language development is best explaned as an innate biological capacity |
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Term
| language acquisition device (LAD) |
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Definition
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning |
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Term
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Definition
| a syndrome characterized by an ability to learn the grammatical structure of language despite having otherwise normal intelligence |
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Term
| the sentence the dog chased the cat and the cat was cahsed by the dog have __ structure and ___ surface structure |
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Definition
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Term
| on the day 2 year old isabel helped her father build bookshelves, she added the words board, measuring tape, and dowel to her vocabulary after her first encounter with these objects this is an example of |
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Definition
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Term
| a collection of processes that facilitate language learning is called |
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Definition
| a language aquisition device |
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Term
| damage to wernicke's area results in |
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Definition
| great dificulty in understanding language |
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Term
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Definition
| a mental representation that groups or categorizes shared features of related objects, events or other stimuli |
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Term
| category specific deficit |
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Definition
| a neurological syndrome that is characterized by an inability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside the category undisturbed |
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Term
| family resemblance theory |
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Definition
| members of a category have features that appear to be characteristics of category members but may not be possessed by every member |
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Term
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Definition
| the best or most tpical member of a category |
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Term
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Definition
| a theory of categorization that argues that we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with stored memories for other instances of the same category |
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Term
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Definition
| the classical view that we make decisions by determining how likely something is to happen, judging the outcome, and then multiplying the two |
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Term
| an ability to recognize objects that belong to a particular category while leaving the ability to recognize objects outside that category is called |
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Definition
| category-specific deficit |
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Term
| the best or most typical member of a category is called |
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Definition
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Term
| a thory of categorization that says we make category judgements by comparing a new instance with store memories for other instances of the category is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when people think that two events are more likely to occur together than either individual event |
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Term
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Definition
| when people give different answers to the same problem depending on how the problem is phrased or framed |
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Term
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Definition
| a framing effect in which people make decisions about a current situation based on what they have previously invested in the situation |
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Term
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Definition
| proposes that people choose to take on risk when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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Term
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Definition
| a hypothetical mental ability that enables people to direct their thinking, adapt to their circumstances, and learn from their experiences |
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Term
| consider the following description, paul is a 42 years old, married, and extremely intelligent. in college, she majored in english and served as a writing tutor. which state of affair is most probable |
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Definition
| paula works in a bookstore |
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Term
| claire spent 100 for a nonrefundable ticket to a play. then she found out her granddaughter's first dance recital was that day. claire really wanted to go to the recital but felt obligated to go to the play. she was displaying: |
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Definition
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Term
| which view states that people choose to take on risks when evaluating potential losses and avoid risks when evaluating potential gains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a statstic obtained by dividing a person's mental age by the person's physical age and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistic obtained by dividing a person's test score by the average test score of people in the same age group and then multiplying the quotient by 100 |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistic technique that explains a large numbeer of correlations in terms of a small number of underlying factors |
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Term
| two-factor theory of intelligence |
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Definition
| spearman's theory suggesting that every task requires a combination of a general ability (which he called g) and skills that are specific to the task (which he called s) |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to process information |
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Term
| crystallized intelligence |
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Definition
| the accuray and amount of information available for processing |
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Term
| isabel is 3 years old. her mental ages is 5. what is her ratio IQ? |
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Definition
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Term
| intelligence tests predict ____ better than they predict anything else |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the theory that every task requires combination of a general ability and skills that are specific to the task is known as the ___ theory |
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Definition
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Term
| the accuracy and amount of information available for processing is called |
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Definition
| crystallized intelligence |
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Term
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Definition
| a person of normal intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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Term
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Definition
| a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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Term
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Definition
| a person of low intelligence who has an extraordinary ability |
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Term
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Definition
| also called monozygotic twins twins who develop from the splitting of a single egg that was fertilized by a single sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| also called dizygotic twins, twins who develop from two different eggs that were fertilized by two different sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| a statistic commoly denoted as h^2, that describes the proportion of the difference between people's scores that can be explained by differences in their genetic makeup |
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Term
| the genetic influence on intelligence is illustrated by the finding that |
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Definition
| identical twins reared apart are more similar than fraternal twins reared apart |
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Term
| across all populations about 50% of the difference between people's intelligence test scores is due to |
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Definition
| genetic differences between them |
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Term
| females who are asked their gender before a math test tend to do more poorly thatn if htey were not asked their gender because |
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Definition
| they feel anzious about confirming gender stereotypes that women can't do math, which interferes with their preformance |
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Term
| across all populations about 50% of the difference between people's intelligence test scores is due to |
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Definition
| genetic differences between them |
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Term
| __ intelligence is likely to be stable over time, while ___ intelligence is likely to change |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the study of continuity and change across the lifespan |
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Term
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Definition
| a single cell that contains chromosomes from both a sperm and an egg |
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Term
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Definition
| the peroid of prenatal development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week |
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Term
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Definition
| the 2-week period of prenatal development that begins at conception |
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Term
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Definition
| the peroid of prenatal development that lasts from the ninth week until birth |
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Term
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Definition
| the formation of a fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell |
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Term
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Definition
| agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses-monster makers |
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Term
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Definition
| a developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that beings at birth and lasts between 18 and 24 months |
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Term
| developmental psychology is the study of |
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Definition
| continuity and change across the life span |
|
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Term
| during the embryonic stage, what occurs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what is true of vulnerability to teratogens |
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Definition
| Vulnerability is greatest in the early stages of pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to execute physical action |
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Term
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Definition
| specific patters of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| the top to bottom rule that describes the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence form the head to the feet |
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Term
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Definition
| the inside to outside rule that descrives the tendency for motor skills to emerge in a sequence from the center to the periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| the emergence of the ability to understand the world |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire information about the world by sensing it and moving around within it |
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Term
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Definition
| theories about or models of the way the world works |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations |
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Term
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Definition
| the process by which infants revise their schemas in light of new information |
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Term
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Definition
| the idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible |
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Term
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Definition
| the stage of development that begins at about 18 mo to 24 months and lasts until adolesence |
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Term
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Definition
the stage of development that beings at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the phyical world
don't grasp they have minds or others do-egocentrism, where would maxi look for the chocolate? in the place they had last seen it-not maxi (3 year olds not 5 year olds) |
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Term
| concrete operational stage |
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Definition
the stage of development that beings at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and a preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds
know that the number of objects doesn't change when those objects are rearragned
understand conservation |
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Term
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Definition
| the notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance. |
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Term
| infant experiences world through movement and senses, develops schemas, beings to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permance |
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Definition
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Term
| child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. child begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds |
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Definition
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Term
| child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties |
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Definition
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Term
| child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals |
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Definition
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Term
| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| at any stage a child is capable of acquiring a range of skills children who interact with teachers tend to be higher in their range |
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Term
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Definition
| communication requires that infants look at adults to gauge their reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| at 9-15 months when they begin looking at the point in space to which an adult's eyes are directed |
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Term
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Definition
| tendency to follow after their mother from the minute they are born |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| internal working model of attachment |
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Definition
| a set of expectations about how the primary caregiver will respond when the child feels insecure |
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Term
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Definition
| characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity |
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Term
| avoidant attachment style |
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Definition
| they are generally not distressed when their caregiver leaves the room and do not acknowledge when she returns |
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Term
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Definition
| when a caregiver returns, infants who had been distressed by the caregiver's absence go to her and are calmed by her proximity |
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Term
| ambivalent attachment stle |
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Definition
| they are almost always distressed when their caregiver leaves the room, but then rebuff their caregiver's attempt to calm them when she returns |
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Term
| disorganized attachment style |
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Definition
| with no consistent pattern of responses when their caregiver leaves or returns |
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Term
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Definition
| regard moral rules as real to realize that some moral rules are inventions and that groups of people an therefore agree to adopt them, change them, or abandon them entirely |
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Term
| prescriptions to principles |
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Definition
| moral rules as guidlines for specific actions in specific situations to see that rules are expressions of more general principles such as fairness and equality |
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Term
| shift from outcomes to intentions |
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Definition
| an unintentional action that causes great harm seems 'more wrong' than an intentional action that causes slight harb because young children tend to judge the morality of an action by its outcome rather than by hat the actor intended-- to begin to see the morality of an action is critically dependent on the actor's state of mind |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the event to which it conforms to social rules |
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Term
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Definition
| a stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determine by a set of general principles that reflect core values |
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Term
| moral intuitionist perspective |
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Definition
| our moral judgments are the consequences-and not the causes-of our emotional reactions |
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Term
| in terms of motor developmetn, babies gain control over their ___ before they gain control over their ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| a girl sees a butterfly and says Bird! no, that's a butterfly. the next time the girl sees a buttterfly she says butterfly according to piaget, she has just shown: |
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Definition
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Term
| baby maria pays without a fuss when her mom leaves and up her return ignores her. what attachment style? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| for lawrence kohlberg, the sequence of moral development unfolds in the following order: emphasis on ___, then emphasis on ___, and finally emphasis on _____ |
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Definition
| consequences, social roles, ethical principles |
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