Term
| Factors Influencing Oral Microbiota (5) |
|
Definition
1. Salivary Flow
2. Antibiotics
3. Diet
4. Age
5. Gender |
|
|
Term
Bacteremia
Relevance in Dentistry? |
|
Definition
Presence of bacteria in the blood.
Oral bacteria can become opportunistic pathogen, inflammatory response to oral bacteria may be risk for cardiovascular diseases. |
|
|
Term
| Primary Colonizers of tooth (4) |
|
Definition
1. Streptococci
2. Actinomyces
3. Spirochetes
4. Gram-negative anaerobes. |
|
|
Term
Sore Throat (Pharyngitis)
1. Caused by? (Virus, Bacteria, Fungi)
2. Pathogen? Harmful agent?
3. Most susceptible?
4. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Bacteria
2. Strep. Pyogenes. Erythrogenic Toxin.
3. Children 5-8 yrs. old
4. Penicillin and Erythromycin |
|
|
Term
Enterococci (General Characteristics)
1. Common acquisition?
2. Reservoir for?
3. Harmful because? |
|
Definition
1. Nosocomial - as a result of treatment in a hospital
2. Reservoir of antibiotic resistance genes for other streptococci.
3. Harmful because they can be hemolytic (exotoxin) |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus Pyogenes
1. Significance
2. Diseases
3. Virulence Factor
4. 3 Exotoxins and what they do |
|
Definition
1. Clinically the most important streptococci
2. Pharyngitis, Scarlet Fever, Necrotizing Fascitis, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Rheumatic Fever, Glomerulonephritis.
3. M-Protein, F-Protein, Exotoxins. M-Protein sticks out of cell membrane and is anti-phagocytic.
4. a.Pyrogenic Toxin - Causes rash in scarlet fever and causes streptococcal toxic shock disease
b. Streptolysin O/S - cell lysis
c. Streptokinase - dissolves clot - used as medication to treat strokes |
|
|
Term
Impetigo
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Streptococcus Pyogenes
2. 2-5 yr olds susceptible, skin ulcers, crusted skin lesions.
3. Penicillin |
|
|
Term
Necrotizing Fascitis
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Streptococcus Pyogenes
2. Deep soft tissue infection
3. Surgical drainage and aggressive antibiotic therapy |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus Agalactiae
1. Where found?
2. Diseases caused?
3. Susceptible groups? |
|
Definition
1. Vagina and Urethral Mucosa
2. Meningitis, postpartum infections (endometritis)
3. Pregnant women - often treated with prophylactics |
|
|
Term
Streptococcus Pneumoniae
1. Significance
2. Diseases
3. Virulence Factor(s)
4. Susceptible groups |
|
Definition
1. Most common cause of pneumonia and otitis media.
2. Pneumonia (inflammation of lungs), Otitis Media(middle ear infection), Meningitis (swelling of membranes covering brain and spinal chord)
3. Autolysin, activated by beta-lactam drugs and releases toxin that attacks mammalian cell membrane and lyses them
4. Undernourished, alcoholism, smoking, children for otitis media |
|
|
Term
Meningitis
1. Causative Agent
2. Significance
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae
2. High mortality rate.
3. Third generation Cephalosporins |
|
|
Term
Diptheria
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment and Susceptible Groups |
|
Definition
1. Corynebacterium Diptheriae.
2. Diptheriae is an upper respiratory tract infection. Pharynx becomes swollen and may obstruct airway. If toxin enters blood can cause myocarditis(inflammation of heart muscle)
3. Since toxin is harmful, antibiotics only useful early on, then antitoxin must be used. Best treatment is prevention via vaccination. |
|
|
Term
Vincent's Angina
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Oral Spirochetes - often related to poor oral hygiene
2. "Trench Mouth" progressive painful infection with ulceration, swelling, and sloughing dead tissue
3. Penicillin, Metronizadole, removal of infected tissue. |
|
|
Term
Whooping Cough
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Bordetella Pertusis
2. Lower GI infection. Sudden outburst of coughing followed by rapid inhalation "whoop".
3. Erythromycin and vaccination. |
|
|
Term
Bronchitis
1. Causative Agent
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Streptococcus Pneumoniae and H. Influenzae
2. Bronchitis is an inflammation of the lung tissue. Dry painful cough followed by green mucous excretion.
3. Antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
Tuburculosis
1. Caused by?
2. Characteristic Symptoms?
3. Treatment
4. Special test |
|
Definition
1. Mycobacter Tuburculosis
2. Initially, flu-like symptoms that develop into calcified lung lesions and lung tissue destruction.
3. Isoniazid, Ethambutol, Rifampin, Streptomycin, Pyrazinamide
4. Skin test with injection of Purified Protein Deritavie of Mycobacterium, active disease or past infection produces hard lesion. |
|
|
Term
Candidiasis
1. Causative Agent |
|
Definition
| 1. Opportunistic Pathogens - fungal infection found only in immunocompromised individuals |
|
|
Term
Staphylococcus Aureaus
1. Where found?
2. Oxygen tolerancy?
3. Difficulties in treating? |
|
Definition
1. Skin, particularly moist skin, axilla, groins.
2. Facultative Anaerobe - produces catalase
3. Antibiotic resistance becoming very common |
|
|
Term
Staphylococcus Aureus
1. Exotoxin causes what?
2. Common source of? Why?
3. Notable Structural Characteristics
4. Enzyme of clinical significance
5. Toxin |
|
Definition
1. Food poisoning, Toxic Shock Syndrome (Food Poisoning), Boils, Caruncles, Scalded Skin Syndrome
2. Nosocomial Infections - hospital workers become carriers. 20% of humans are carriers.
3. Capsule, Slime Layer, Teichoic Acid (Rigidity to cell wall), Protein A (binds IgG)
4. Hyaluronidase(hydrolyzes Hyaluronic acid in CT)
5. Enterotoxin causes food poisoning |
|
|
Term
Boils and Carbuncles
1. What causes?
2. What are they?
3. How are they treated? |
|
Definition
1. Staphylococcus Aureus
2. Hair follicle infection - neutrophils cause pus formation. Carbuncles are just a really deep boil.
3. Boils require no treatment, Carbuncles require drainage and antibiotic treatment. |
|
|
Term
MRSA
1. Stands for?
2. Two kinds? Which is more severe, Why?
3. What do they cause?
4. How treat each kind? |
|
Definition
1. Methicillin Resistent Staphylococcus Aureus
2. Hospital acquired and Community acquired - Hospital acquired bc strains are Beta Lactamase producing and possess altered PBP.
3. Hospital acquired causes serious infections requiring longer hospital stays, community acquired causes skin and soft tissue infections.
4. Community acquired - sensitive to antibiotics. Hospital acquired - newer antibiotics such as daptomycin, linezolid, synercid. |
|
|
Term
Necrotizing Pneumoniae
1. What causes it? How is it acquired?
2. What is it? |
|
Definition
1. Staph Aureus. Usually aspiration of foreign materials.
2. Infection of lungs from aspiration of staph carrying substance. |
|
|
Term
Staph Toxins
1. Toxins (5) What do they do?
a. alpha
b. beta
c. gamma
d. delta
e. PVL |
|
Definition
a. Alpha - form pores sodium influx
b. Beta - hot/cold lysis.
c. Gamma - lysis neutrophils and macrophages.
d. Delta - Produced by all staph - disrupts membrane, detergent action.
e. PVL - Lyses leukocytes by forming membrane pores, found in community acquired MRSA. |
|
|
Term
Scalded Skin Syndrome
1. What causes it?
2. What is it? |
|
Definition
1. Exfoliatin toxin of Staph Aureus.
2. Exfoliatin attacks desmosomes in stratum granulosum and separates epidermal layer of skin. |
|
|
Term
Toxic Shock Syndrome
1. Most common cause?
2. What is it? How developed?
3. What causes recurrence? |
|
Definition
1. Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin and Enterotoxin B and C from Staph Aureus.
2. Fever-like symptoms, rash. Toxins act as superantigen and cause massive release of cytokines, macrophages, t-cells, Tumor Necrosis Factor.
3. Lack of antibocies against super antigen. |
|
|
Term
Food Poisoning
1. What causes it?
2. What is it? Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Enterotoxin from Staph. Aureus
2. Flu-like symptoms. Caused by eating contaminated food. Diarrhea, vomiting.
3. Fluid replacement and rest, no need for antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
Staph Epidermidis
1. What does it cause?
2. How is it commonly acquired? |
|
Definition
1. Endocarditis of heart valves and artificial joints.
2. During valve replacement or surgery. |
|
|
Term
Staph. Saprophyticus
1. What does it cause?
2. Structural features significant?
3. Treatment? |
|
Definition
1. Urinary Tract Infections.
2. Slime layer that helps adhere to urinary epithelium.
3. Easily treated with penicillins. |
|
|
Term
Gas Gangrene
1. What causes it? Common acquisition.
2. Characteristic Symptoms
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Clostridium Perfringens. Accidental contamination of wound or during surgery.
2. Excruciating pain, tissue damage, organism multiplies in tissue and destroys muscle mass.
3. Removal of dead tissue, antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
Tetanus
1. What causes it? Structural features?
2. What is it?
3. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Clostridium tetani - enters through broken skin. Endospores highly resistant, anaerobic thrives in wounds after closed.
2. Toxin called tetanospasmin causes excessive activity of motor neurons and result in muscular spasms.
3. Antitoxin, excision of infected area, immediate cleaning with peroxide. |
|
|
Term
Wound and Burn Infections
1. Pathogens involved?
2. Treatment and Prevention? |
|
Definition
1. S. Aureus, E. Coli, Clostridium Difficile, Bacteroides Fragilis, Psuedomonas aeruginosa (Critical in Burn Infections)
2. Removal of infected area, antibiotic treatment, prophylactics. |
|
|
Term
Psuedomonas
1. What are they? What do they form?
2. What do they cause?
3. Structural/Virulence characteristics? |
|
Definition
1. Gram-negative rods, colonize moist environments. Involved in biofilm formation.
2. Infections in wounds, burns, cystic fibrosis.
3. Endo and Exotoxins, pili for attachment. |
|
|
Term
Helicobacter Pylori
1. Where do they live?
2. What do they cause? How?
3. Toxins |
|
Definition
1. Upper GI - adhere to gastric mucosal epithelial cells.
2. Stomach and Duodenal Ulcers, gastric cancers. The bacteria can weaken the protective coating of the stomach, allowing digestive juices to irritate the sensitive stomach lining.
3. Urease and CagA Protein - secreted into target epithelial cell. |
|
|
Term
Enterobacteriaceae
1. Common strains?
2. Where do they live?
3. How do they produce disease? |
|
Definition
1. E. Coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Yersenia
2. Normal part of Gut Flora
3. They invade mucosal epithelium and produce toxins |
|
|
Term
Dysentery
1. What causes it? How?
2. What are the symptoms?
3. Pathogenesis
3. How can it be treated? |
|
Definition
1. Shigella. Fecal-oral transmission, person person contact, food, water.
2. Bloody Diarrhea, severe intestinal cramping.
3. Invasion of colonic mucosal epithelial cells via actin-mediated motility. Shiga toxin produced by some strains. Very low infective dose, common in US and huge problem in developing countries.
4. Antibiotics |
|
|
Term
Bacterial Type III Secretion Systems
1. What is it?
2. Which bacteria is it found in?
3. What effects does it have? |
|
Definition
1. Mechanism for directing effector proteins directly onto target cells
2. Gram-negative bacteria
3. Disrupts host cells signaling, disturbs inflammatory response, disturbs cytoskeletal structure. |
|
|
Term
Acute Watery Diarrhea
1. What causes it?
2. Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
1. ETEC - Enterotoxigenic E. Coli
2. ETEC colonizes small intestine using fimbriae, and increases intracellular cGMP. Two toxins produced. HeatLabile (LT), and HeatStable (ST). |
|
|
Term
Persistent inflammatory non-bloody diarrhea
1. What causes it?
2. Pathogenesis |
|
Definition
1. EPEC - Enteropathogenic E. Coli
2. EPEC colonizes small intestine. Once there, it adheres to intestinal mucosa and causes a rearrangement of the actin filaments. This deforms the cells causes inflammation, and ultimately causes diarrhea. |
|
|
Term
Bloody Diarrhea and Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
1. What causes it? - What is it?
2. Pathogenesis
3. Epidemiology |
|
Definition
1. EHEC - Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli. Bloody diarrhea leads to reduced platelet counts and breakdown of RBC's (HU-Syndrome)
2. EHEC colonizes colon fia fimbriae attatchment. It produces Shiga-toxin that elicits intense inflammatory response.
3. Most likely in children, and elderly, improperly cooked beef primary source of infection. |
|
|
Term
Typhoid
1. What causes it?
2. Pathogenesis
3. Symptoms
4. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Salmonella Enterica Serotype Typhi
2. Exposed to human source. Fimbriae attach, and perforate through intestinal wall and are phagocytyzed by macrophages where they can survive within.
3. Prolonged high fever that after 3 weeks leads to ulcers, hemorrhage.
4. Antibiotics, and 2 vaccines available. |
|
|
Term
Acute gastroenteritis
1. What causes it?
2. What are the symptoms?
3. Pathogenesis?
4. Epidemiology? |
|
Definition
1. Salmonella Enterica non-typhi serotype
2. Abdominal cramps, diarrhea, fever. Progression to systemic infections.
3. Colonization of Small Intestine, invasion of epithelial cells. Type III secretion system (effector proteins injected directly onto target cells)
4. Acquired from animal sources, major etiologic agent of diarrhea in US |
|
|
Term
Vibrios
1. Shape
2. Growing Conditions
3. Diseases
4. Toxins |
|
Definition
1. Curved Rods
2. Alkaline (pH 8-9.5) salt-water.
3. Cholera and Wound infections
4. Cholera Toxin and Toxin Coregulated Pilus |
|
|
Term
V. Parahaemolyticus
1. Diseases caused
2. How acquired?
3. Where common? |
|
Definition
1. Dysentery, diarrhea, bowel inflammation
2. Ingestion of raw food
3. Cruise ships, Japan |
|
|
Term
V. Vulnificus
1. Disease caused?
2. How and where acquired? |
|
Definition
1. Wound infection
2. Raw foods and exposure to contaminated seawater |
|
|
Term
V. Cholerae
1. What does it cause?
2. Pathogenesis?
3. Epidimiology? |
|
Definition
1. Cholera - infection of small intestine that causes watery diarrhea.
2. Cells adhere to epithelial small intestine cells via pili. Produce Cholera toxin.
3. Common in India, Africa, South America. |
|
|
Term
Campylobacter jejuni
1. Morphology?
2. Diseases?
3. Pathogenesis?
4. Epidemiology? |
|
Definition
1. Gram-negative curved rod (similar to vibrios)
2. Infections diarrhea.
3. Low infectious dose. Contaminated food, adhesion to intestinal mucosa, intracellular migration via microtubules. Outer membrae reacts with hosts myelin.
4. Frequent in developing world. |
|
|
Term
Bacteroids
1. Common environment?
2. Virulence factors?
3. Diseases? |
|
Definition
1. Colon (25% of bacterial population)
2. Oxygen tolerant (though anaerobic), resistant to antibiotics, capsule, produce toxins.
3. Abdominal, peritonial abscess |
|
|
Term
Clostridium Difficile
1. Diseases?
2. Pathogenesis?
3. Special test for diagnosis? |
|
Definition
1. Nosocomial diarrhea, psuedomembranous colitis (ulcerative disease)
2. Endospores on fomites produce enterotoxin and cytotoxin.
3. ELISA |
|
|
Term
Clostridium Perfringens
1. Diseases |
|
Definition
| 1. Food Poisoning (Also Staph Aureus) - |
|
|
Term
| Frequent colonizers of Vagina (3) |
|
Definition
a. Lactobacilli
b. Beta Hemolytic Strep
c. Candida Albicans |
|
|
Term
Fungi General Characteristics
1. Yeasts, shape, how many?
2. Moulds, shape, how many?
3. What is dimorphic?
4. What is Ergosterol?
5. Virulence Factors?
6. Type of infections (2) |
|
Definition
1. Oval Shaped, individual
2. Fillamentous, multicellular
3. Can change between mold and yeast
4. Lipid-based hormone that is present in fungal cell walls, common target of antifungal drugs.
5. Capsule, Dimorphism, Exotoxins.
6. Superficial (on skin athletes foot), Systemic (fungi penetrate physical barriers) |
|
|
Term
| Virulence Factors of Fungi (CHADM) |
|
Definition
Capsule - hides from antibodies
Hydrolytic Enzymes - tissue damage adn penetration
Adhesins - cell attatchment
Dimorphism - switch yeast and mould
Melanin - protects against UV |
|
|
Term
Candidiasis Albicans
1. Diseases Caused?
2. Epidemiology |
|
Definition
1. Oral Thrush, Vaginal and Erythematous Candidiasis, PMC, Diaper Rash, angular chelitis, Candidial Leukoplakia.
2. Antibiotic patients, opportunistic pathogen that invades when normal flora is displaced. |
|
|
Term
Psuedomembranous Candidiosis
1. What causes it?
2. What is it? |
|
Definition
1. Candididiasis albicans
2. Creamy-white plaques on tongue, cheeks. |
|
|
Term
Angular Chelitis
1. What causes it?
2. What is it? |
|
Definition
1. Candidiasis Albicans
2. Inflammation at angle of mouth, seen in denture related candidiosis. |
|
|
Term
Candidial Leukoplakia
1. What is it?
2. What causes it? |
|
Definition
1. White patches in oral mucosa that can't be rubbed off, can lead to cancer.
2. Candidiasis albicans. |
|
|
Term
Predisposing factors for Oral Candidasis
(3) |
|
Definition
1. HIV infection
2. Drug Therapy
3. Diabetes Mellitus |
|
|
Term
Systemic Candidiasis
1. What causes it?
2. Pathogenesis
3. Epidimiology
4. Treatment |
|
Definition
1. Candidiasis albicans
2. Entry into blood - attatches to endotnelial cells - transmigration(rearrangement of microtubules) - endocytosis. Usually in lower respiratory or urinary tract.
3. Broad spectrum antibiotics make more susceptible. Common nosocomial blood infection. |
|
|
Term
Croptococcus Neoformans
1. What does it cause?
2. Virulence Factors?
3. Where is it found? |
|
Definition
1. Pneumonia like symptoms followed by meningitis.
2. Thick capsule that protects cells.
3. Found in pigeon droppings and soil. |
|
|
Term
Histoplasma Capsulatum
1. What does it cause?
2. Where is it found?
3. What can it be treated with?
3. |
|
Definition
1. Respiratory illness
2. Soil contaminated with bat and poultry droppings
3. Though Fungal, Can be treated with antibiotics. |
|
|
Term
Coccidiomyces Imitis
1. What does it cause? What are the symptoms?
2. Where is it found?
3. Treated with? |
|
Definition
1. San Joaquin Valley Fever - Lung infection. Fatigue, Cough, Fever, 60% of patients non symptomatic.
2. Southern US and Northern Mexico
3. Flucanozole and Amphotericine B (Antifungals) |
|
|
Term
Dermatophytes
1. What are they? |
|
Definition
| 1. A group of fungi that live on skin and cause skin infections because of their unique ability to derive nutrients from keratinized material (hair, nails), cause athlete's foot, ring worm. |
|
|
Term
| Species of Dermatophytes and 1 fact (3) |
|
Definition
1. Tricophytum Rubrum - person to person
2. Tricophytum Tonsurans - person to person
3. Microsporum Canis - animals to people |
|
|
Term
Aspergillosis
1. What causes it?
2. What is it? |
|
Definition
1. Aspergilus Fumigatus
2. Fungus ball that colonizes in a healed lung scar. Pulmonary aspergillosis is an allergic reaction to fungus in lungs. |
|
|
Term
Mycotoxins
1. Types (TEACO)?
2. Where are they common? |
|
Definition
1. Trcothecenes, Ergot alkaloids (LSD), Aflatoxin, Citrinin, Ochratoxin.
2. Common in underdeveloped nations and potential weapon for bioterrorism, suspect in indoor moulds. |
|
|
Term
| DNA Viruses use what for replication? (2) |
|
Definition
1. Host cell enzymes for transcription.
2. Unusual RNA polymerase or regulatory protein to circumvent host transcription machinery. |
|
|
Term
Polymavirinae Characteristics (2)
1. Where does it replicate?
2. What type of DNA?
3. What do they cause? |
|
Definition
1. Replicates in nucleus
2. DS, circular, supercoiled
3. Tumors at multiple sites in experimental animals. |
|
|
Term
Adenovirus
1. What does it cause?
2. How, when?
3. Where is latent virus isolated?
4. Virulence factor? |
|
Definition
1. Conjuctivitus - swelling of eye, Pharyngitis, Pneumonia, Gasteroenteritis, Myocarditis
2. Fecal-oral route, early in life.
3. Tonsils
4. Group-specific antigen associated with capsid protein |
|
|
Term
Enterovirus (AKA)
1. What does it cause? |
|
Definition
AKA Coxsackie Virus
a. Asymptomatic at onset
b. Encephalitis (inflammation of brain)
c. Pulmonary edema
d. Hemmorhage.
e. Respiratory infections
f. Pediatric myocarditis |
|
|
Term
HPV
1. How is it transmitted?
2. What does it cause?
3. Process of formation |
|
Definition
1. Sexually transmitted
2. Genital warts, cervical cancer.
3. a. infect basement membrane
b. cells proliferate and keratinize |
|
|
Term
Herpesvirus
1. Where do they replicate and what?
2. What is involved in Latency?
3. Stages Chickenpox (MPFC)
4. Where do chickenpox infect? What do they develop into? |
|
Definition
1. In the nucleus, capsid and large numbers of enzymes used for DNA replication.
2. Latency Associated Transcript (LAT), repressor for E1 gene.
3. (Mary Poppins Flies Cheery), Macule, Papule, Fluid-Filled Vesicle, Crusting
4. Basal root ganglia, shingles. |
|
|
Term
Poxviridae (AKA)
1. What are two subfamilies?
2. Unique characteristic?
3. Where does smallpox vaccine come from? |
|
Definition
AKA - Smallpox Virus
a. Vertebrate pox viruses (chordopoxvirinae)
b. Insect pox viruses (entemopoxvirinae)
2. Only DNA virus that replicates outside the nucleus
3. Vaccinia Virus - |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
PicoRNAvirus (Name disease)
1. Enterovirus
2. Cardiovirus
3. Rhinovirus
4. Apthovirus
5. Hepatovirus
6. What does CPE do?
7. What are all receptors?
8. What happens in the canyon? |
|
Definition
1. Polio
2. Encephalomyocarditis Virus
3. Cold Virus
4. Foot and Mouth Disease
5. Hepatitus A
6. Shuts down host protein synthesis
7. Super IG family
8. Receptor binding site |
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