(R. Merton) deviance is a product of strain in the social structure, and of one's placement within, and orientation to, that structure.

C.I.R.R.R.

Means + & Ends +

hard work & edu.

- Means but + Ends

Don't want to take usual path

ex. Gold digger, criminal for money

**Can be positive e.g. Bill Gates

+ Means but  - Ends 

(Not huge category Mental OCD)

e.g. as people get older they give up but they still do everything->just want $

or Very active in church but Atheist

*Real benefits get past views*

Retreatist

Means - & Ends -

Withdrawl and reject both as a result give up.

eg. Drug & Alcohol abuse because people can't deal with problems->retreat

- Means & - Ends

They don't withdraw they try to change it all.

Ex. Extreme Cults ELF(earth liberation front)

Deviance is rooted in some component of human physiology such as genes, hormones, brain structure, etc.

E.g. Clear links between physiology and behaviors like alcoholism, drug addictions, aggression, and mental illness.

1. Clarify or create social norms

e.g. you have to see deviance in order to know it.

ex. illegal downloading, product tampering.

2. Can protect or promote social solidarity

ex. 9/11=flying flags, church, Bush approval

3. Can be a safety Valve that protects social institutions

ex. Men use prostitutes=lower divorce rate

4. Can single defects in social structure

ex. 1970's-80's religous cults singled disconnection and lured them wiht ready made families.

5. Can be a Source of Positive Social change.

ex. Greasy Hair->Beatles Greasy Hair not cool anymore.

or the civil rights, womens rights.

1. It disrupts social order and stability

ex. 9/11 before well ordered now live with "ripple" of disorder

2. It diverts resources into social control (more prisons, police, etc.)

ex. 9/11 cost of "War on Terror"

3. It undermines social turst and can create a general paranoia. ex. Anthrax attacks.

4. If it goes unpunished it undermines everyone's will to conform ex. speeding, j-walking.

Open Vs. Close

Open: You can move from one level to another

Closed: You can not.

Caste

Class

Classless

Caste: almost always closed, born into certain layer until you die, not based on money, although there is a correlation. India->untouchables bramen poor bramen & billionaires. Untouchable could not marry.

Conflict Theory on Stratification

Stratification Must Be Eliminated.

Societies need inequality to survive.

e.g. Garbage Men

-We should have a safety net ie. welfare to keep poor content but don't get people out of lower class.

(E. Denski)

Inequality is natural and neither good nor bad.

3 Natural Laws

1. Limited resources in all countries

2. Competition for resources

3. Competition leads to survival of the fittest

Thought that your IQ is largely determined by genes (60% genes, 40% environment)

Lower IQ tends to be in lower class.= dysgenesis.

Dysgenesis: Survival of the unfittest lowering of IQ and dumbing of people.

To Stop Dysgenesis

-no tolerance for family growth

-lifetime welfare limit

-freeze funding

**Has become to comfortable to be on welfare; being poor should be miserable.

Cultural Transmission Theory

(E. Sutherland)

Deviance is primarily transmitted through the cultural environment. 5 Key Factors

1. Intensity of Contact-Close contact=more influence

2. age - the younger you are the more open to influcence

3. Frequency of Contact - the more time spent with deviants the more influence.

4. Duration of Contact - long term= more influence.

5. # of Contacts - the more people you know with this behavior the more likely they are to influence you.

Race

Ethnic Group

Minority

Race: Biological Concept:skin color, facial features, hair color.

Ethnic Group: Cultural: Religion, Clothing, Diet

Minority: Racial or Ethnic in nature; suffer disadvantages as a result of that, not # related sociologically speaking.

Social Psychologyical Mechanisms of Group Division

Stereotyping

Scapegoating

Authoritaran

Stereotyping: A rigid mental image that summarizes whatever is believed to be typical

-Everyone stereotypes in order to function in society.

-We use stereotypes to bring order to social world & guide behavior.

-Mental reflex.

 -Problem: we apply these too rigidly to other people & make mistakes by too oversymplifying.

Scapegoating: Placing the blame for one's own troubles on another group or individual usually incapable of offering resistance.

-Not as universal as stereotyping

-Kick the Dog

-We have problems we look for easy solutions/answers to our complicated problems.

ex. Illegal Immigration.

Authoritarian Personality: (T. Adorno) a bigoted personality is produced by particular circumstances in one's upbringing.

*Not Race Specific*

-Parents of these people are cold, distant, have strict regualations, and A LOT of physical punishment.

-Parents have Prejudice views

-Uncomfortable w/ambiguity especially religion & gender. General Orientation not Focused.

Characteristics of Minority Group (5)

1.Disadvantages, including exploitation and discrimination

-Exploitation: An active disadvantage; direct intervention into someone's life usually for economic benefit. ex. Slavery.

-Discrimination: Passive disadvantage; a person being held out of some social resource ex. job, education.

2. Social Visability

Looking at someone and knowing they're different increases the division. Sometimes the majority make them more socially visable.

3. Consciousness of Kind, in which common social experiences produce a kind of instant emotional bond: Can occur with people you do not know.

-Instant understanding even if you don't know them.

ex. Vegetarianism, territorial.

4. Involuntary Membership; You do not choose to become a minority. It is imposed on you by the majority. Even if you could choose you wouldn't want to because of disadvantages. ex. Interracial marriages, religion, sexual variation.

5. Endogamy, or marriage within one's own social grouping.

-Used to be 100%-> society has changed but still society tends to stick with their own.

7% Are Interracial

Assimilation/Amalgamation

Pluralism

Legal Protection of Minorities

Population Transfer

Continued Subjugation

Extermination/Genocide.

Assimilation/Amalgamation: Minority group is eliminated by becoming a part of the dominant group.

Assimilation: Blending of Minority ex. Germans

Amalgamation: how majority is changed by the blending.ex. Speech.

Pluralism: The minority doesn't want to lose its identity and takes pride in its heritage, traditions, etc. It doesn't want to change. However, Majority & minority can coexist and cooperate.

Continued Subjugation: (Exploitation, ethnic conflict) - The dominant group wants to continue its control over the minority--usually for reasons of economic exploitation.

Zimbabwe & President Mugabe

Extermination/Genocide: The dominant group kills off the minority group.

*Happens with Regularity* 

-The Holocaust

-Rhwanda & Ugoslavia

-Darfur

1. Anatomy: Men 2x upper body strength.

2. Pregnancy: Women were made to bare children. Women get custody 85% of time.

3. Brain Structures: See Next Card.

4. Hormones: See Next Next Card.

Brain Structures: Verbal Differences. L. Brizendine

book called "The Female Brain" found that women are more vocal than men.

-Women speak twice as fast as men (250wpm vs. 125wpm)

-Men speak 7,000 words/day Women speak 20,000

Hormones: E.T.G.D. (Evolutionary Theory of Gender Differentiations) Almost everyone has an instinct to reproduce (sex drive).

issue: successful reproductive strategies are different between men & women

Men: Have a lot of sex with a lot of people. Are more hesitant to commit & slower to develop emotional ties, & more likely to be unfaithful.

Women: Secure a protector & a provider who is committed. Opposite of men characteristics.

Cruel Irony: Men peak @ 18 women @ 30. Men have 7x more testosterone than women.

Mistaken Gender Socialization (M.G.S.)

John/Jone. Lost penius turned into girl screwed him up really bad John Money said Socialization overrides Biology but he was WRONG.

Biology is determining factor but socialization does play a role.

Functionalist argue that gender inequality developed because it was functional/worked.

-Most functional family model was woman at home and men providing.

-Modern society it doesn't matter who stays home but this method is still the best.*In U.S. 1/3 married women make more than their husbands.

Conflicts believe discrimination by gender is because of money. Before equality laws the more you could discriminate against woman the more profit you earn.

-Comparable Worth Lawsuit: Now discrimination is in terms of job categories not as an individual. Femal dominated occupations tend to get lower pay. Recently though trends are changing.

Feminist agree with Conflict + another big part of sexism is inter-personal.

-We still live in an incredibly sexist culture wher men are raised to be dominant and women submissive.-> not necessarily conscience.ie newborns. boys raised more independent, adventuresome, & less social

girls raised dependent, submissive and focused on others feelings.

Entitlement-to regard as a right that which others regard as a privelage.

ex. women cleaning up after men.

Women are trapped into traditional applications through family & education

Mass Media: 2 sterotypes

Sex object & homemaker.

Supermom.

Baby boomers 1946-1964

60's schools & 80's jobs 

1900-3 million were 65 & up Today-35 million

1900-1 in 30 Americans were 65 & up Today-1 in 8

by 2020 1 in 6 Americans will be 65

Structural: we've never had such a big pop. of old people

1. S.S. short of funds 2016

-Medicare & medicaid

Key to funding: Everyone under 65 is going to have to shoulder the financial burden.

2. Hospital Care

Length of Treatment is shorter

+ We receive post baby boomer benefits In home health care.

Because younger people are carrying greater burden there will be resentment towards these older people "aging problem"

*There's a real sense that the elder are being oppressed and that the younger people are being hostile to them.

1. Optimism

2. Activity/Mobility

3. Engagement/Interest

4. Adaption to Loss