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Definition
| The process of organizing and interpreting sensory information from the outside world. |
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| The process of becoming accustomed to and desensitized to a constant stimulus |
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| Converting physical stimulus to neural information. |
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| The lowest possible stimulus that a subject can detect 50% of the time. |
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| The study of how people percieve physical stimuli. |
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| The theory that both stimulus intensity AND decision-making process affect the detection of stimuli. |
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| The smallest noticeable difference between intensity of stimuli. |
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| States that the just noticeable difference between stimuli is a constant fraction of the total stimuli. |
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| The effect of frame of mind on perception. (13 vs. B) |
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Definition
| the opening in the iris which allows light in |
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Definition
| The muscle that forms the colored part of the eye, that ajusdts the size of the pupil. |
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| The clear hard covering that protects the lens of the eye |
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Definition
| The structure that sits behind the pupil and bends light waves in orfer to focus an image on the retina |
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Definition
| the process in which the muscles control the shape of the lens to focus on objects at different distances |
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Definition
| The think layer of nerve tissue at the back of the eye that contians photoreceptors |
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Definition
| Cells in the retina (cones and rods) that convert light energy into nueral impulses |
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Definition
| Responsible for percieveing the amount of light |
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Definition
| Responsible for percieving the color of light |
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Definition
| the ability to see clearly |
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Definition
| The process of adjustment to seeing in the dark |
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Definition
| spot on the back of the retina that has the highest concentration of photoreceptors, and therefore the clearest vision. |
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Definition
| composed of the axons of ganglion cells that carries sensory information from the retina to the brain |
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Definition
| The point at which some of the strands of the optic nerve cross and send information to the oppostie side of the brain. |
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Definition
| neurons in the visual cortex that respond to shapes, angles and movements to identify and recognize an image. |
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Definition
| the ability to see things in three dimensions |
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Definition
| aids to depth perception that use both eyes |
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Definition
| when the eyes come closer together in order to see an object close to the face in better focus (cross eyes) |
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Definition
| depth cues that only require one eye |
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Definition
| the ability of the brain to percieve objects as staying the same despite changes in the actual image |
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Definition
| the GESTALT tendency of grouping objects of with visual similarities together. |
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Definition
| The GESTALT trend to see an object as a whole, instead of as individual parts |
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Definition
| the GESTALT tendency to group objects together as they are most closely located to one another |
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Definition
| The GESTALT tendency to see a whole object, even though lines may be missing |
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Definition
| assembling an image from most basic to most complex |
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Definition
| breaking down an image from whole to smaller parts |
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| trichromatic color theory |
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Definition
| the theory that all color we see is a mix of red, blue and green light waves |
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Definition
| visual images that remain after removal of the visual stimulus |
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Definition
| the theory that color is processed in opposite pairs, and that only one of the two paired colors can be seen at a time |
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Definition
| curled like a snail shell, filled with fluid |
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Definition
| the membrane that runs through the cochlea that contains hair cells |
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Definition
| sensory receptors that transduces vibrations into neural impulses |
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Definition
| the nerve that recieves action potentials from the hair cells and transmits informaton to the brain |
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Definition
| structure of the inner ear responsible for maintaining balance |
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Definition
| The single cell created when a sperm fertilizes an egg |
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Definition
| 2-8 weeks after conception |
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Definition
| Second Pre-natal stage, from 2-8 weeks, organs form |
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Definition
| Third Prenatal Stage, marked by the formation of bone cells, 8 weeks after conception-Patruition |
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Definition
| Events in the womb alter the development of physical and psychological health of the baby |
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Definition
| A substance that disrupts the way the fetus develops, and can cause life long birth defects |
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Term
| Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder |
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Definition
| Exposure to alcohol while in the womb, causes multiple defects most notably brain damage and mental retardation |
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Definition
| specific period of time when an individual is most receptive to a particular stimuli |
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Definition
| The shirking of neurons not being strengthened by experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's First Stage of Cognitive Development (0-2), Learn about the world through senses and movement. |
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Definition
| "Out of sight, still in mind" |
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Definition
| Cognitive Development 0-12 |
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Definition
| Assigning animistic behaviors to inanimate abjects |
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Definition
| viewing the world from one's own perspective |
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Definition
| recognition that when some properties change (such as shape) other properties remain constant (such as volume) |
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Definition
| second major stage of development. child does not yet have object permanence. egocentric. |
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| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
| Piaget's thrid stage. 6-11. Ability to think logically about concrete events. Can manipulate logic and CONservation tasks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Piaget's third stage of development. 7-12, A child can reason abstractly, solve problems systematically, hypothetical thinking |
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Definition
| ideas and knowledge of how other people's minds work |
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Definition
| Three Stage Theory of Moral Reasoning, biased towards western as well as male culture |
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Term
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Definition
| First level in Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning. Focuses on avoiding punishment and maximizing rewards. (would not steal the medication) |
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Definition
| Second level of kohlberg's theory. Should not steal the medicine, because stealing is wrong. |
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Definition
| Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning. The person would find it acceptable to steal the medicine, recognizing that sometimes the laws are not always right. |
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Definition
| The strong emotional connection that develops between infants and their caregivers. |
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Definition
| The rapid and innate learning of the characteristics of a caregiver soon after birth. |
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Definition
| The distress reaction shown by a baby when they are separated from their primary caregiver (around 9 months of age) |
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Definition
| Attatchment style characterized by infants who will gradually explore new situations when the caregiver leaves, and then initiate contact when the caregiver returns |
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Term
| Anxious-Resistant Attachment |
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Definition
| Infants are ambivalent (have both positive and negative feelings towards) when separated and reunited with their caregivers. |
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Definition
| Infant stays calm when the caregiver leaves, and ignores her when she returns. |
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Definition
| the ability to make use of social and emotional information from another person (esp. a caregiver), in an uncertain situation. |
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Definition
| The ability to control emotions and know when it is appropriate to express certain emotions |
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Definition
| People who share equal standing and are at the same level in terms of age, gender, skill or power |
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Definition
| The transition between childhood and adulthood |
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Definition
| When sexual maturation begins, marks the beginning of adolescence |
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Definition
| The first menstrual period |
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Definition
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Definition
| A loss of mental function, in which many cognitive processes are impaired. |
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Definition
| Each stage of life has a task, and two main ways to complete (or not) complete the task. One of the first lifespan psychologists. |
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Definition
| Creting new ideas or products |
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Term
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Definition
| an awareness of one's surroundings, includes aspects of being awake and aware |
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Term
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Definition
| Degree of alertness reflecting whether a person is awake or asleep |
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Term
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Definition
| State of consciousness in which the eyes are closed and the person in unresponsive and unarousable |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of minimal consciousness, eyes may be open, but the person is otherwise unresponsive. |
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Term
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Definition
| A heightened awareness of the present moment |
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Term
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Definition
| The limited capacity to process information that is under conscious control |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to focus awareness only on specific features in the environment while ignoring others. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability to maintain focused awareness on a target or idea. |
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Term
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Definition
| practices that people use to calm the mind, enhance awareness, concentrate, focus attention. |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep wake cycles that follow an almost 24-hour cycle |
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Term
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Definition
| Pattern of brain activity when one is awake: a rapid, low-wave energy |
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Term
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Definition
| form of sleep with few eye movements |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of brain activity that occurs when one is relaxed and drowsy, higher energy than beta waves. |
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Term
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Definition
| pattern of bran waves during stage 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| type of brain activity during stage 3 sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| brain wave pattern present in stage 2 sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| difficulty falling asleep and staying asleep, AND fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep difficulty resulting from temporary blockage of the air passage |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep difficulty characterized by a person doing activities during nonREM sleep that one would normally do while awake |
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Term
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Definition
| sleep disorder characterized by excessive sleepiness and weakness in facial and limb muscles |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleeping more than ten hours a day for two weeks or more, AND fatigue |
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Term
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Definition
| images, thoughts, and feelings experienced during sleep |
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Term
| Psychoanalytic Dream Theory |
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Definition
| Manifest- what is recalled, Latent- where the meaning is. A dream is an attempt to fulfill unacceptable desires or satisfy unnconscious wishes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Dreams are not that different from everyday thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| naturally occuring or synthesized substances that, when ingested or otherwise taken into the body, reliably produce qualitative changes in conscious experience |
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Term
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Definition
| Decrease or slow down the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that activate the central nervous system |
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Term
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Definition
| Substances that create distorted perceptions of reality ranging from mild to extreme |
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