Term
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Definition
study of spatial distribution of production and consumption of goods and services -attempts to describe and explain patterns of economic growth and development at various geographical scales |
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Term
Elements of Economic System |
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Definition
Money, supply and demand-trade-producer and market(physical, cyber) -goals is exchange 1st production by raw materials, then consumers or owners looking at consumers; capital(money) workers and wages, consumption 3 Key Elements- production, exchange, consumption |
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Term
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Definition
| the type of economic system that structures the production and consumption of goods and services within a given society |
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Term
| what is the dominant mod of produciton today? |
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Definition
Capitalism, based on free enterprise/ free trade-government -not regulating businesses: private property -govt. does regulate saying protexts private property: really to waht extent of regulation -laws protect economic affairs |
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Term
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Definition
A form of economic and social organization characterized by the profit motive and the control of the means of production, distribution, and the exchange of goods by private ownership -based upon a system of private property -buyng and selling of goods for a profit( "free market") |
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Term
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Definition
| any "object" produced to be bought & sold (circulated through the market) |
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Term
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Definition
converting something or someone into a commodity |
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Term
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Definition
M-C(LP+MP)-P-C'-M' {triangleM and M) M=Money C=Commodities purchased for productive consumption (LP=Labor Power; MP=Means of Production) P=Production processes C'=Commodities produced for sale M'=Money received in exchange for commodities (C') triangle M=M'-M (in other words, triangle M=Profit) Purchasing Worker's time M' must be larger than M to make profit |
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Term
| Other Modes of Production |
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Definition
Feudalism-agricultral society-some tied to land(serfs), nobles/Lords-protect serf but make money in process Communism-based on command-based economy, no private property, economic decisions made by state Socialism-redistribution of wealth within capitalist system; continum of how far govt. should go mixed economy-within capitalist system still some government regulation within such as protection of private property |
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Term
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Definition
an estimate of the total value of all materials foodstuffs, goods, and services that are produced within a country in a particular year |
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Term
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Definition
| a measuer of the income to a country from production wherever in the world it occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| divide either value by the total population of the country |
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Term
| purchasing power parity( PPP): |
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Definition
| measures how much of a common "market basket" of goods and services each currency can purchase locally |
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Term
GNI does not take into account? countries with greatest GNI? |
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Definition
illegal trading, distribution of wealth in country -some regions actually more poor in same country Highest Countries-US, Australia, Canada, Europe, Japan, |
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Term
| What's wrong with per capita averages? |
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Definition
Per capita averages simply take the total value of GNI or GDP and divide by the total population -makes the assumption that wealth is evenly distributed among a given population(highly unlikely!) -doesn't capture the income inequalities within a country -only measures income ($$), ignores other human development variables (literacy rates, health, sanitation, fresh drinking water, etc.) |
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Term
| Regional Uneveness in Income (per capita) |
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Definition
U.S. (coast is wealthiest, New York, west coast, texas, florida ) France(Paris) China-Coast) South Korea( top) India- only left side |
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Term
| Index of Income Inequality |
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Definition
The higher the index score, the greater degree of inequality within a country -South America, Mexico, South Africa, and higher left (50-75) |
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Term
| Human Development Index( HDI) |
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Definition
an overall index of human development based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income -highest score is 1.0 and the worst score is zero Significance: moves beyond a soley economic view of development |
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Term
| HDI scores are based on measures of life expectancy, educational attainment, and personal income. Highest and lowest score? |
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Definition
Highest: North America, Australia, parts of South America Countries: Iceland, Norway, Canada, Australia, Iceland, (U.S. 15) Lowest: Africa, parts of Asia countries: nigeria, lesotho, uganda, angola, temor-leste, togo, sierra leonee Medium human development: turkey, domina, lebanon, peru |
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Term
| Gender Empowerment Index (GEI) |
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Definition
An index of based on measures of: -women's incomes -their particpation in the formal labor force as administrators and managers, professional/technical workers, and -the percentage of parliamentary seats held by women -highest score is 1.0 and the worst score is zero significance: takes into account the gender inequalities that exist in countries around the world |
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Term
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Definition
0=inequality 1=equality Highest equality= north america, australia, Japan Most inequality=Africa, parts of Asia, Highest equality countries: sweden, norway, finland, iceland, germany, philippines, N. Zealand, denmark, UK, Ireland |
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Term
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Definition
| economic activity that is recognized by the state as a legitimate pracitce, which is generally taxed and regulated |
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Term
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Definition
economic activity that is not documented or regulated by the state ex: drugs, under table transactions, mowing lawn, babysitting some countries vast majority is informal like Dominican Republic |
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Term
| Main Secotrs of Economic Activity |
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Definition
Primary-natrual resources(colonial, mercantilism ex: agriculture, mining, depond on location ex: africa, india, china, south asia secondary- depends on location and availability of skill and cost of labor, manufactoring, processing, assembling, packaging, ex: steel making tertiary-sales and exchange of goods and services ex: retail shop, entertainment, location is spread out, but issue of trust quaternary- knowledge and information industry, ex: wallstreet, data processing, education |
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Term
| Primary Sector Industries |
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Definition
Connected directly to natural resources: production, extraction, first-stage processing examples: agriculture, mining, fishing, etc. Location depend somewhat on natural resource endowments, but also on technology, available capital and labor |
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Term
Map of Primary economic activities |
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Definition
highest countries: africa(middle), asia, india, parts of japan Africa: Mauritania(iron ore), namibia (diamonds), niger(uranium), sierra leone- diamonds, togo-phosphates, democratic republic of the congo-copper, zambia(copper) |
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Term
| secondary sector industries |
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Definition
manufacturing, processing, assembling, packaging, etc. of raw materials or previously manufactured goods ex: steel-making, automobile manufacturing, textile industry, food processing locations depend largly on availability, skills, and cost of labor force; also capital investments |
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Term
| tertiary sector of industries |
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Definition
sales and exchange of goods and services ex: retail shops, wholesale distribution, transportation, entertainment, personal services -locations depend largely on geography of consumers with disposable income; generally low-cost, low-wage, low-skill labor( with exceptions in entertainent); relatively low capital investments for retail, very high for transportation networks. |
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Term
| quaternary sector of industries |
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Definition
knowledge & information industries ex: high-end financial & legal services, research & development (R&d), data processing, education -both least and most location-constrained: easy to move info, but location and face-to-face interactions often critical. highly specialized, skilled labor and rents often largest costs; minimal material inputs. |
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Term
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Definition
just a useful set of categories; not fixed or exhaustive-some industries blur categories, or operate within more than one -availability of raw materials, labor, capital, markets, etc. not just given; also created and changes over time |
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Term
| U.S. Production Workers, 1950 & 2005 |
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Definition
| States in the Northeast and Southern Great Lakes traditionally associated with manufacturing accounted for two-thirds of manufacturing in 1950 but only two-fifths of manufacturing in 2005 |
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Term
| The percent of U.S. made clothing has ? |
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Definition
| -declined sharply since the 1990s while imports have increased |
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Term
Periphery and Core differences in hourly wages are what in which countries? |
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Definition
Denmark-$20, Germany-$18, Belgium $16, Periphery: Ireland $8, $6-Spain, India, China, Egypt, Pakistan, Indonisia all about a $1 or less |
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Term
| Restructuring of global production chains: |
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Definition
shift in the location of production centers, geographical stretching and complication of commodiy chains -Growth of transnational corporations (TNCs) |
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Term
transnational corporations vs. countries? |
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Definition
the annual sales figues of many of the world's largest corporations exceed the Gross National Income of some countries. (Walmart, BP, Exxon, Royal Dutch Shell big corporations) (Switzelarnd, Sweden, Australia-Countries) |
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Term
| Neoliberalism as Economic Policy |
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Definition
-Advocates for "free trade" (reduction of trade barriers) -privatization of public services -deregulation of economy -promoted by global institutions, such as the World Bank, the IMF, and the WTO -IMF loans money to poor countries but says must implement structural adjustment program (SAPS) |
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Term
Export Processing Zones(EPZs), also known as Free Trade Zones (FTZs) |
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Definition
Areas where normal tariffs, tax breaks, and other governmental regualtions are eliminated to give corporations incentives to invest -TNCs set up factories in the "periphery" for export back to the "core" |
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Term
| Critics argue that FTZs lead to? |
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Definition
-reduced labor and environmental standards -a "race to the bottom" |
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Term
| Sites of Most Export Processing Zones? |
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Definition
| Mexico, Central America, Africa, South China |
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Term
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Definition
cheap labor and tax breaks for firms manuafacturing and assembling good for reexport have made many Mexican border towns attractive to U.S. companies -biggest in Mexico are Tijuana, Juarez, Matamoros |
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Term
| Outsourcing IT sercies, biggest countries? |
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Definition
India to U.S 12.2 bill, Ireland to U.S. 8.6bill, U.S./Canada 3.8 bn, Israel/U.S/ 3.6, Russia/ US 0.3 bn, Philippines/US 1.0bn |
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Term
Theories of Economic Development -Modernization Theory: W.W. Rostow? |
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Definition
Stages of Economic Development: Traditional Society: Limitied technology;static society, preconditions for take-off: commercial exploitation of agriculture and extractive industry take-off: development of a manufacturing sector drive to maturity: develoment of wider industrial and commercial base highe mass consumption: exploitation of comparative advantages in international trade |
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Term
| World Systems Theory: Immanual Wallerstein is? |
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Definition
Capitalist Wold System: core, semi-periphery, and periphery core: top hierarchy-exploiter semi-periphery-exploiter and exploited peripher-exploited geographic concentration of economic processes, not fixed categories North America, and parts of europe=core south america, europe, australia=semi africa, most of asia, small part of south america=periphery |
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Term
| Geographically, the single most important feature of economic development is? |
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Definition
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Term
| Human-Environment Interactions emcompass both ? |
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Definition
| Physical Geography and Human Geography |
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Term
| Human Modification of the Earth begins to be an issue. Who wrote Man and Nature; on, Physical Geography: as modified by human action-concerned with deforestation by industrial revolution, work inspires generation to think creation of Park and Wildlife in New York, inspires mroe parks |
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Definition
| George Marsh(1801-1882- diplomat in Italy, fascinated with Rome and Deforestation, wrote? |
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Term
| What was organized by the Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research and held at the Princeton Inn from June 16 to June 22, 1955, was one of the first interdisciplinary efforts to understand the impact of human activity on the environment? |
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Definition
| The international symbosium 'Man's Role in Changinge the Face of the Earth' |
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Term
| 1. Carl Sauer 1889-1975 and 2. Lewis Mumford(1895-1990) wrote or stood for what? |
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Definition
| Man's Role in Changing Face of Earth, 2. architectural and cities and industrialization |
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Term
Who wrote Silen Spring, and exposed the ecological and public health risks
of DDT pesticide
-US Congress brings her in, people pay attention, ban DDT-cancer causing, she traced pesticides through ecological system, looking mainly at Bald Eagle, DDT thins shell of eggs, harder to reproduce. 1978-bald eagle on endangered species list, 2007 removed from list |
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Definition
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Term
| Pesticide Contamination & Parasite Infection |
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Definition
| leads to deformities ex: frogs, decreases immune system to fight parasites, amphibian population seeing declines, loss of habitat |
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Term
| Ecological Systems, who are the some of the photosynthesizers, herbivores, carnivores, and top carnivores? |
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Definition
| at bottom energy flow, photosyntheziers(water plan, marsh plants), herbivores(organic debris, plankton, bay shrimp, mud snail, clam, mosquito, cricket) and then carnivores(silversides, eal, fluke, blowfish, innow), top carnivores(green heron, osprey, kingfisher, gull) |
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Term
| Rise of Environmental movement(1960s-present): When did the institutionalization of environmental management form(e.g., U.S. Environmental Protection Agency |
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Definition
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Term
| Envinronmentalism becomes mainstream: what is key word used? and what time did it begin to be mainstream? |
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Definition
| "Sustainablitiy" 1990s-present |
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Term
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Definition
| nature as a resource to satisfy the greatest good for the greatest number of people; to be managed through rational calculation(e.g., the "control" of nature) |
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Term
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Definition
| nature as the sublime; a treasure to be protected from the onslaught of industrialsim (e.g., nature as the sacred "temple" of God) |
|
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Term
| conservation vs. Preservation |
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Definition
conservation-more utilitarian-manage population and forests to not kill or run out; use nature wisely
preservationists-don't use nature as resource; preserve |
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Term
| The environmental justice movement? |
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Definition
(1980s-present) the "environment" as a more than wilderness, inclusive of built environments of cities and towns
-different groups affected by pollution/ hazards in different ways |
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Term
NGO and IGO
IGO-1960, dramatic increase in environmental organizations, after U.S. create EPA, other countries follow |
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Definition
Inter-governmental organizations, and international non-governmental organizations
INGOS now up to 6,000, beating IGOS who are up to 3,500 |
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Term
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Definition
promoted clean energy at 2008 Olympics,, 1980s started making Olympics Green, less resources and trees killed,
Bejing has five mascots-blue/water, panda/jing jing, organge/antelupe
green/flying swallow, Juan Juan/Olympic Flame |
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Term
| all of us are environmentalists now, but difference is? |
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Definition
| feelings and meanings of "sustainability" |
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Term
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Definition
| burning coals and carbon monoxide, through rise in vehicles, national decrese in air pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| Winds are strong enough to support substantial wind power generation in the U.S. Plains as well as other regions in some of the East and much of the West |
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Term
| Which country consumes greatest energy with 22% of world energy |
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Definition
| U.S. though 5% of population |
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Term
| Who are world's largest petroleum producers |
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Definition
| Saudi Arabia, russia, and U.S. |
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Term
| Who has the largest proven reserves of coal? |
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Definition
| U.S., Russia, China, and India |
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Term
Due to prevailing winds, the highest sulfate deposit levels in North America lie?
What country has higher deposit levels? |
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Definition
| lie east o fthe emission sources, Germany is higher |
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Term
| Early Theory of Global Warming |
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Definition
| 1890s: Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius and American scientist P.C. Chamberlain independently propose that CO2 build-up in the atmosphere could lead to future global warming |
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Term
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Definition
| solar energy passes through the atmospohere warming th earth, some of the sun's energy is reflected back into space while some greenhouse gases in the atmosphere trap some of the heat |
|
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Term
| this man recoreded different chemicals, he started in 1958-200, found linear increase |
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Definition
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Term
| climatologists trying to? |
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Definition
| understand relationship between temperature and CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
U.S. and other industrialized countries agreed to binding emission reductions (Annex 1 Countries)
-But, the treaty must be ratified by each country, and the U.S. Senate has refused to ratify it (Senate Resolution 98, known as the "Byrd-Hagel Resolution"0
-various countries have ratified the Protocal, but in 2001 the Bush Administration rejected it |
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Term
| The Kyoto Protocol allows? |
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Definition
greenhouse gas emissions trading,
credits for carbon sequestration |
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Term
| The protocol introduces 3 market mechanisms, namely the Kyoto Mechanisms. Annex I Parties would be able to achieve their emission reduction targets cost-effectively, by using these mechanisms, which are? |
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Definition
Joint Implementation-Article 6-if if Annex 1 country reduce emissions, can help other country gain credit,
Clean Development Mechanism-Article 12, 1 Annex 1 country helping non annex country,
Internatipnal Emissions Trading-article 17 of the protocol |
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Term
| Problems with the Kyoto Challenge |
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Definition
| enforcing: some countries doing well and surpass target-croatia, britain, france, monaco, sweden, some not:spain, luxembourg, austrai, canada, lechtenstein, new zealand, denmark, australia, italy |
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Term
| U.S. not in protocol but some majors did what? |
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Definition
| Mayor Greg Nickels with other majors teamed up to reduce pollution, inspires others and come together to follow Kyoto Protocol |
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Term
| Alliance of Small Island States |
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Definition
| since sea ice melting, islands care because fear will be under water in years to come; could displace habitats and pop., |
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Term
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Definition
population density-alot of human pop. on coast, ex: florida, new orleans,
could displace people
-change of temp. can also cause diseases to move |
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Term
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Definition
recognizes the concern that minority populations and/or low-income populations have borne a disproportionate amount of potential adverse health and environmental effects
-calls for the "fair treatment for people of all races, cultures, and incomes, regarding the development of environmental laws, regulations, and policies."
-critique of conventional reformist environmentalism rising out of 1960s that focused on conservation and pollution, but not social equity |
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Term
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Definition
neighborhood is in the city of Niagara Falls, New York
-in 1978 the neighborhood includes about 800 homes, 240 low-income apartments, and the 99th Street Elementary School
-neighborood was located over and around a landfill that had been active in earlier decades |
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Term
| canal was built and used first for? |
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Definition
built in 1890s by William T. Love, but never completed,
Early 1900s: the unfinished canal was used for swimming and boating
-from 1942-1953-Hooker Chemical dumped about 21,000 tons of toxic chemicals at the site |
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Term
|
Definition
Convered with layers of dirt,
Niagra Falls Board of Education bought the site from hooker Chemical and as the city started to grow into the area, the 99th Street Elementary School was built over the landfill, and homes built around site |
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Term
| tests find what in canal? |
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Definition
high levels of PCB's in strom sewers and toxic chemicals in wells.
-reports suggested that there was an unusually high rate of birth defects and miscarriages among love canal families |
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Term
| 1978: Love Canal homeowner's Association president Louis Gibbs does what? |
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Definition
| raises attention to the hazardous conditions in the area; briefly holds EPA officials hostage to gain attention |
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Term
| Love Canal focused attention on hazardous waste issues and led to passage of? |
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Definition
| leads to passage of the federal Superfund Act |
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Term
|
Definition
the canal itself has been fenced, and groundwater flow from it has been blocked
-the surrounding area, now called Black Creek Village, is home to hundreds of families.
-about 260 homes abanadoned in late 1970s have been renovated and resold
-chemical wastes were left in a 70-acre site, but it was capped and fenced |
|
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Term
| Warren County, North Carolina, PCB Landfill |
|
Definition
Betwen June 1978 and August 1978, over 30,000 gallons of waste transformer oil contaminated with PCBs were illegally discharged on over 210 miles of roadside in fourteen counties. the PCBs resulted in the U.S. EPA designating the roadsides as a superfund site to protect public health.
The Warren County PCB landfill was constructed in 1982 to contain soil that was contaminated
-the toxic-waste dump was forced on the tiny Afton Community-more than 84 percent of the community was black in 1982-helping trigger the national environental justice movement |
|
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Term
| when was landfill finally sealed? |
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Definition
1993 sealing on landfill failed, and in 2001 the State of North Carolina hired a contractor to detoxify PCB landfill in 2001,
Detoxification completed in 2004 |
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Term
| Principles of Environmental Justice |
|
Definition
-adopted in 1991 by meeting of activists from North and South America
17 principles include:
-calls for social and environmental equity,
inclusion in decision making
-respect for culture
-denouncement of destructive corporate practices |
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Term
|
Definition
1986: Philadelphia incinerator ash rejected by Ohio, VA, South Carolina, and Georgia
-ash loaded up for disposal on a man-made in Bahamas, but rejected and later rejected by bermuda, puerto rico, dominican republic, honduras, guinea-bissau, and netherlands antilles |
|
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Term
| global voyage trash solution? |
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Definition
unloaded 4,000 tons on beach in haiti before protests turned ship away with remaining 10,000 tons
1988: turned away from senegal and cape verde, got reparis in yugoslavia, turned away from sri lanka, indonesia, and philippines,
-boat changed names twice, showed up in singapore, minus the cargo( which was dumped in Atlantic ocean) |
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Term
| so in the end what about 4,000 tons in Haiti? |
|
Definition
not fair, people say bring it home,
eventually bring 2000 back to Penn.
dump in Penn. |
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Term
|
Definition
in 1980s, stricter environmental laws made hazardous waste disposal costly,
traders shipped hazardous waste to developing and eastern European countries for cheaper disposal
-international outrage led to this convention in 1989 to control trans-boundary movement of hazardous waste |
|
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Term
| basal convention promotes? |
|
Definition
| environmentally sound management, ESM: taking all practical steps to minimize the generation of hazardous wastes and strictly controlling its storage, transport, treatment, reuse, recycling, recovery and final disposal, the purpose of which is to protect human health and the environment |
|
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Term
|
Definition
waste from trafigura Co;, didn't want 300,000 payment for disposal so dump on ivory coast
-illegal dump sites need to be cleaned up so pay 200 million to clean up |
|
|
Term
Invisibility of production to consumer? |
|
Definition
when commodities are encountered by consumers in a market, social relations that went into making product are often rendered invisible to consumers |
|
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Term
| Geography of agriculture? |
|
Definition
-place of origin/diffusion? ex: coffee, ethiopia-1st to produce, now Columbia -Current sites of production and consumption -social and environmental conditions of production -who profits from exchange of agricultural goods |
|
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Term
| origins of domesticated plants and animals |
|
Definition
southeast asia-citrus-bananas
east africa-coffee, cotton, okra, wheat
north am.-blueberry, cranberry, sunflower |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| africa to turkey to europe to atlantic ocean to north am. |
|
|
Term
coffee is ? most valuable commodity exported by developing countries after oil?
who are top 10 growing countries |
|
Definition
2nd
-brazil, vietnam, columbia, indonesia, india, mexico, ethiopia, guatamala, ivory coast, and uganda |
|
|
Term
| top 10 importing coffee countries |
|
Definition
| u.s, germany, japan, france, italy, spain, canada, united kingdom, poland, netherlands |
|
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Term
| where does the money go for coffee? |
|
Definition
coffee growers: 10-12cents,
local traders:2-3 cents
exporters/importers: 4cents
roasters: 65-70cents
retailers:10-15 cents |
|
|
Term
| top 4 companies capture 60% of all coffee sales in u.s. who are they? |
|
Definition
| nestle, philip morris, proctor and gamble, and sara lee |
|
|
Term
agriculture is a practice directed at?
types of agriculture? |
|
Definition
a practice directed at the cultivation of crops and the raising of livestock for sustenance and profit
-hunting/gathering
-subsistence agriculture
-commercial agriculture |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| practice whereby people feed themselves by killing wild animals and fathering fruits, roots, nuts, and other edible plants |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a system of agriculture based upon domesticated plants and/or animals in which people consume all or more of what they produce |
|
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Term
| subsistence farming is what type of work? |
|
Definition
very intensive, back breaking labor,
rudimentary farming implements,
weather dependency few agricultural inputs
-meager returns, even in good years |
|
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Term
| steps to shifting cultivation |
|
Definition
step 1: cut vegetation
step 2: burn vegetation
3: nutrients in vegetation released
step 4: plant crops in naturally fertilized field
5: repeat planting until field yields diminishing returns
6: abandon field
7: return to field in 20 years when regeneration has occurred |
|
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Term
|
Definition
the planting of different crops together in the same field,
good for subsistence farmers, but is not part of the global good production process.
benefits include: spreading out food over the growing season
-reducing disease and pest lost
-erosion control |
|
|
Term
| which farmers grow over 90% of the world's rice? and which countries alone account for over half of world rice production |
|
Definition
asian farmers
-india and china |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a system in which farmers produce crops and animals primarily for sale rather than for direct consumption by themselves and their families
"cash crops" |
|
|
Term
| what occurs when environ. is too dry to grow crops? |
|
Definition
| pastoralism & transhumance |
|
|
Term
| 1st agriculture revolutions(about 10,000 years ago) |
|
Definition
devlopment of seed agriculture
-use of pow and draft animals |
|
|
Term
| 2nd agriculture revolution(17th/18th centuries) |
|
Definition
such innovations as improved yoke for oxen and replacement of ox with horse or mule
-dramatic improvements in outputs, such as crop and livestock yields
-new inputs to atriculture production, such as application of fertilizers and field damage
-industrial revolution |
|
|
Term
| 3rd agriculture revolution(20th century) |
|
Definition
mechanization
-chemical farming
-food manufacturing |
|
|
Term
| using chemicals in agriculture can what? |
|
Definition
increase yields,
ex: pesticides, fertilizers, lawn food |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-export of a technological package of fertilizers and high-yielding seeds, from core to periphery, to increase global agriculture productivity
-1st initiaed by Rockfeller foundation 1943 to increase productivity of wheat
-u.s. agency for intern devlop represetative will gaud coined term
-"modernization theory as applied to industrialization of agriculture within context of cold war"
counterpolicy to land reform movement |
|
|
Term
| advocates of the green revolution argued? |
|
Definition
relieve world hunger by increasing agricultural productivity
-increase export earning of third world countries
-benefited u.S. chemical companies and agribusiness
-helped coutnries "modernize" |
|
|
Term
| critis of the green revolution argued? |
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Definition
-dramatically increased cost of farming by requirizing purchasing of fertilizers, pesticides, seeds, and other technologies(increases reliance on oil-based products)
-many small-scale farmers could not afford chemical inputs, acquired financial debt, lost farms, and migrated to cities(increased urban poverty)
-incrased social inequalities by benefitiing only a small number of landowners
-detrimental environmental effects |
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