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The biological difference between male and female |
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| a cultural construction that makes biological and physical differences between males and females into socially meaningful categories that seems reasonable and appropriate. |
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| the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society, including the division of labor; the tasks and activities that a culture assigns to the sexes. |
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| unequal distribution of rewards (resources, power, prestige, personal freedom, etc) between men and women. |
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is a core social institution in all societies
• Although a kinship rests on biological relationships, Kinship systems are cultural phenomena. |
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| The set of social relationships among people within a given group or geographical area |
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| Patterns of relations between individuals and groups in a society. |
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recognized positions within the social structure
The ways we interact in society is not entirely as individuals, but as occupants of recognized social statuses.
• Ascribed and Achieved |
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| set of rights and obligations appropriate for one’s social status |
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| “all members (or component groups) enjoy roughly the same degree of wealth, power, and prestige” |
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“characterized by formal, permanent social and economic inequality in which some people are denied access to wealth (including basic resources), power and prestige.”
• Certain groups maintain control over resources and institutions that control resources
• Social groups are ranked according to differences of wealth, prestige, and political power.
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| based on birth, permanent membership to a specific group with no possibility of individual social mobility (closed system) |
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each caste ma be associated with economic or occupational niche and rules that determine the allocation of power, wealth, behavior, and places to live
o Endogamous (in-marrying) |
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Socially structured inequality of entire categories of people who have different access to social rewards as a result of their status (race, ethnicity, gender, class, income/wealth)
• Complex societies have hierarchies built into social structure
• Hierarchies are self-perpetuating:
o Advantages or disadvantages are passed on from one generation to the next
• Affects individuals from before birth (prenatal care) and impacts ones opportunities throughout life (“life chances”)
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| if wife dies, husband receives new wife from dead wife’s kin group. (Usually sister) |
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| if husband dies wife may (or may be obligated to) marry a brother of her dead husband. |
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| certain symbolically important goods are transferred from the family of the groom to the family of the bride on the occasion of their marriage. |
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| Groom must work for the family of the bride for a predetermined length of time before they may marry |
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Transfer of wealth from parents to daughter at the time of her marriage
• May be in lieu of later inheritance
• May be wife’s contribution to new household
• In cases of hypergamy, may compensate groom's for brides new social status |
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system in which goods are collected or contributed by members of a group to a social center and then redistributed (could be household, community, or a state)
• Ex. In our society- social security, income tax |
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| Modes of redistribution which shrink gaps between haves and have-nots by redistributing wealth. |
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| goods and services bought and sold for money at a price determined by the forces of supply and demand. |
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(residence)
new partners set up an independent household at a place of their own choosing
individualistic societies |
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| married parters live with or near either the wife's or husband's parents. |
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(most common in the world)
partners in a marriage live with or near the husband's father |
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| partners in a marriage live with or near the wife's mother |
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| "of uncles" found only in martilineal societies, emphasizes the inheritance and labor patterns linking men in a martilineage |
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a distribution of goods with no immediate or specific return expected
Usually close kin
No overt accounting kept
Highest degree of moral obligation
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An exchange of goods of nearly equal value with a clear obligation to return them within a specified time.
Relationship between friends or allies
Generally an on-going series of exchanges
Refusal to receive or failure to reciprocate is taken as a withdrawal from the social relationship
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Exchange conducted for the purpose of material advantage
Impersonal or unfriendly transaction |
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| where a person marries ithin a defined social group |
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| marriage rules that specify that a person is to marry outside a defined social group |
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