Term
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Definition
-increase in number of neurons
-occurs prenatally, during first 6 months of gestation, to yield over 100-200 billion neurons |
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Term
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Definition
-neurons move, occurs prenatally
-teratogens can interfere with migration to cause brain defects |
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Term
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Definition
-studying errors in children's thinking what does it tell us about development of thinking
-children are motivated to construct their own understandings
*Cognitive* |
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Term
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Definition
-occurs post-natally, after birth
-involves enlargement of neurons, formation of synapses, and initial functioning |
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Term
| Rovee-Collier's Experiment |
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Definition
-attach the foot of an infant to their mobile
-trying to see if the baby recognizes that if they keep kicking their foot, they'd get a 'kick' out of the mobile |
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Term
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Definition
*metacognition
-think about your own thinking
-understands your own memory abilities and limitations
-what a memory task requires of them
-task progree |
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Term
| Why is Piaget's theory known as a constructivist theory? |
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Definition
| -he believed it was an interaction with human experiences and ideas that generated knowledge and behavior patterns in children |
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Term
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Definition
-when a child has to change their current way of thinking in order to understand their experience
*ex: needs to add 'wolf' to their thinking |
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Term
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Definition
| -often assessed using "memory span" tasks |
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Term
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Definition
| -implies an infant or child who demonstrates accelerated rates of growth following a period of growth failure |
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Term
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Definition
-we are born with specialized mental structures that allow us to quickly acquire certain info that helps us survive
*language: verbal warnings
*object permanence
*living v. nonliving: snake or stick
*number: 2 to 1 |
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Term
| 2 Causes of Ability to Keep Attention |
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Definition
1. maturation of CNS
2. increasing complexity of kids' thinking (more interested) |
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Term
| Cognitive Achievement in each of the 4 Stage |
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Definition
Sensorimotor(0-2) - object permanence (object if under blanket, but still there)
Preoperational(2-7) - mental representation (uses symbols: alphabet, gestures)
Concrete Operational(7-11) - conservation tasks(appearance has changed, but amount has not)
Formal Operational(11+) - scientific thinking(ex:figuring out the pendulum problem=what determines the speed?) |
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Term
| Wynn's Research with 5 Month Olds |
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Definition
"violation of expectation"
-5 month olds are surprised when arithmetic operation is violated |
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Term
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Definition
*small and short --> large and tall
-we no longer rely on our own crops
-access to medicines/immunizations that prevent diseases that would make you grow |
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Term
| Primacy and Recency Effects |
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Definition
Primacy: most apt to recall earlier items in the list(older kids)
Recency: most apt to recall later items in the list(true for all ages) |
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Term
| Cognitive Limitation for children in the Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
-still need specific objects or personal experiences to support their logical thinking
-can't think of things that they cannot hear or see(concrete things) |
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Term
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Definition
0-2
-Progression from trial-and-error activities to more goal-directed behavior
-progression from primary to secondary activities
-integration of sensory experience with motor activity
-gaining object permanence
-beginnings of representational thought(when child sees something, imitates it later) |
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Term
| Study of Child Chess Experts |
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Definition
| -children chess experts could better remember where the chess pieces were as opposed to their adults competitors |
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Term
| Toddlers ability to reconstruct a toy gong after a long delay |
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Definition
-demonstrates "elicited imitation"
*good recall memory before they have much productive language |
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Term
| Why is the primacy effect seen in older children? |
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Definition
| -we use memory strategies such as rehearsal, when we repeat the info over and over |
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Term
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Definition
| -when a child does not use rehearsal spontaneously |
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Term
| How many items can an adult store in working memory? |
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Definition
7+/-2 chunks of information
(between 5 and 9) |
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Term
| Difference between experience-expectant plasticity and experience-dependent plasticity |
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Definition
Experience-expectant: necessary experience is highly likely to occur(species wide)
Experience-dependent: experience is unique to the individual(affects the brain throughout life) |
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Term
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Definition
-the process through which the 2 hemispheres of the brain become specialized
-1st birthday
*Left: linear processing(language)
*Right: holistic processing(spatial) |
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Term
| Conservation and 3 reasons why children fail at these tasks |
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Definition
-knowing that if appearance or shape has changed, amount will stay the same
1. centration: focus on 1 aspect of task
2. lack of reversibility: can't undo what just happened
3. exclusive focus on start and end states: no middle |
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Term
| Determinants of Body Growth and Development |
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Definition
-genetics(heredity)
-neural control(catch-up growth)
-hormones
-nutrition and health
-emotional/social factors("failure to thrive") |
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Term
| Children's symbol use during Preoperational Stage |
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Definition
| -alphabet, letters, numbers, gesture, etc. |
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Term
| Kids use of strategies for solving arithmetic problems |
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Definition
-memory retrieval
-finger counting
-count on |
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Term
| Age and Aspects of Attention |
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Definition
1 year = 3 1/3 attention span
3-5 years = growth in ability to attend to tasks arranged by an adult
School-aged kids = conscious control of attention, more efficient and strategic |
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Term
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Definition
| -changes in the organization of the brain due to experience |
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Term
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Definition
| -understanding the Snoopy scale model in both ways |
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Term
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Definition
-younger kids don't have much of a plan for things
-older kids have better planning, are more flexible with plans |
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Term
| Limited Capacity System of Thinking |
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Definition
-child's thinking is limited due to memory capacity, efficiency of thought processes, and availability of useful strategies and knowledge
*expansion of amount of info, execution of basic processes, acquisition of new strategies and knowledge |
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