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| Most prokaryotes are __________, but what they lack in size they make up for in ___________. |
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| Prokaryotes are divided into two domains: |
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| Most prokaryotes are ________, although some species form colonies |
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| The three most common shapes for prokaryotic cells are... |
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| spheres (cocci), rods (bacilli), and spirals |
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| What does the cell wall do for prokaryotes? |
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Definition
-maintains cell shape
-provides physical protection
-prevents the cell from bursting in a hypotonic environment |
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| Eukaryote cell walls are made of |
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| Bacterial cell walls contain |
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a network of sugar polymers cross-linked by polypeptides.
Found in bacterial cells. |
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| A polysaccharide or protein layer called a _______ covers many prokaryotes |
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| Some prokaryotes have _________, which allow them to stick to their substrate or other individuals in a colony |
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| fimbriae (also called attachment pili) |
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| Sex pili allow prokaryotes to do what? |
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-allow prokaryotes to pull together for exchange of DNA
- they are also longer than fimbriare |
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| Most motile bacteria propel themselves by ______. |
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| the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli |
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| In a heterogeneous environment, many bacteria exhibit _______. |
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| The prokaryotic genome has less _____ than the eukaryotic genome |
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| Some species of bacteria also have smaller rings of DNA called _______. |
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| Most of the prokaryote genome consists of a ______________ chromosome. |
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| The typical prokaryotic genome is a ring of DNA that is not surrounded by a membrane and thatlocated in the ___________. |
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| a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell. |
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| Many prokaryotes form resistant _________. |
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| Prokaryotes reproduce quickly by ________ and can divide every 1–3 hours |
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| Prokaryotes can evolve rapidly because of their ___________________. |
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| Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission, and offspring cells are generally ___________. |
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| A prokaryotic cell can take up and incorporate foreign DNA from the surrounding environment in a process called __________________. |
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| the movement of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) |
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| the process where genetic material is transferred between bacterial cells…this is not sexual reproduction |
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| _______ carry genes for antibiotic resistance |
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| obtain energy from chemicals |
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| require CO2 as a carbon source |
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| require an organic nutrient to make organic compounds |
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| some prokaryotes convert atmospheric nitrogen (N2) to ammonia (NH3) |
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| prokaryotes that love extreme conditions |
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| prokaryotes that live in highly saline enviroments |
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| prokaryotes that thrive in very hot enviroments |
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| archaea that live in swamps and marshes and produce methane as a waste product |
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| Chemoheterotrophic prokaryotes function as __________, breaking down corpses, dead vegetation, and waste products |
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| _______ is an ecological relationship in which two species live in close contact: a larger host and smaller symbiont |
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| one organism benefits while neither harming nor helping the other in any significant way |
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| In _______, an organism harms but does not kill its host |
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| proteins secreted by prokaryotes |
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| components of outer membranes of some Gram-negative bacteria |
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| prokaryotes have an astonishing genetic ______. |
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| Which is larger, prokaryotic cells or eukaryotic cells? |
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Definition
| prokaryotic cells are much smaller. |
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| Archaea contain polysaccharides and proteins but lack ______________. |
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| What does Gram Staining help scientists do? |
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Definition
| it helps them classify many bacterial species into two groups based on differences in cell wall composition. |
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| Gram-positive bacteria have _______ walls with a relitively large amount of ________________. |
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| Gram-negative bacteria have _______ peptidoglycan and are structurally more complex. |
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| less. These are the dangerous ones. |
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| The capsule enables prokaryotes to do what? |
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Definition
| adhere to their substrate or to other individuals in a colony. It also can protect them. |
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| Sex pili are _____ than fimbriae |
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| _________ of the prokaryotes are capable of directional movement. |
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| about half of all prokaryotes |
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Definition
| the ability to move toward or away from certain stimuli |
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| Even though prokaryotic cells lack the complex compartmentalization found in eukaryotic cells, some prokaryotes do have specialized membranes that perform _________ _____________. |
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| Prokaryotes have considerable genetic variation. Three factors that lead to their genetic diversity is.... |
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Definition
Mutation
Rapid reproduction
Genetic recombination |
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| Mutation rates during binary fission are ____, but because of rapid reproduction, mutations can accumulate rapidly in a population |
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| High diversity from mutations allows for _______ __________. |
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| Although new mutations are a major source of variation in prokaryotic populations, additional diversity arises from ______ ____________. |
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| Prokaryotic DNA from different individuals can be brought together by what three things? |
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Definition
| transformation, transduction, and conjugation |
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| Sex pili allow cells to connect and pull together for _____ ________. |
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| What are the four major modes of nutrition? |
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Definition
photoautotrophy (fairly common)
chemoautotrophy (rare)
photoheterotrophy (rare)
chemoheterotrophy (common) |
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| Molecular systematics is leading to a _________ classification of prokaryotes |
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| Methanogens are strict _________ and are poisoned by O2 |
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| parasites that cause disease. |
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| Prokaryotes are the principal agents in bioremediation. what is bioremediation? |
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| The use of organisms to remove pollutants from the environment. |
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