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| collection of an organism's proteins |
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| they determine the physical and chemical characteristics of cells ->organisms; help assemble cellular structures:plasma membrane, cytoskeleton, and other organelles; serve as hormones, antibodies, and contractile elements; act as enzymes or transporters |
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| a gene's DNA is used as a template for specific proteins |
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| specific region of DNA is copied to produce RNA; occurs in nucleus |
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| RNA attaches to a ribosome where information is translated to a corresponding sequence of amino acids |
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| store genetic information in sets of three nucleotides |
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| once a base triplet is transcribed as a complementary sequence (RNA) and corresponds with a specific amino acid |
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| "director" of protein synthesis |
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| joins with ribosomal proteins to make ribosomes |
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| binds an amino acid on a ribosome until it is needed |
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| cells undergo nuclear division (mitosis) & cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) |
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| reproductive cell division |
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| gametes are reproduced (meiosis) |
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| chromatic fibers condense into paired chromatids; centrosomes move to opposite poles (opposing teams) |
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| centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate (50 yard line) |
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| centromere split; sets of chromosomes move to opposite poles |
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| nuclear envelopes and nucleoli reappear; mitotic spindle disappears |
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| division of cytoplasm & organelles into 2 identical cells: begins during late anaphase- during formation of a cleavage furrow; actin microfilaments-> contractile ring |
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| the reproductive cell division that occurs in the gonads to produce gametes |
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| haploid cells (23 Chromosomes) |
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| a group of cells to function together to carry out specialized activities; provides protection, support, communication between cells, resistance to disease, etc. |
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| covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, ducts, and forms of glands |
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| protects and supports the body and organs- binds organs together, stores fat, and aids in immunity |
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| generates the physical force needed to move body structures and generates heat |
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| detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body- activates muscles and glandular secretions |
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| very important in joining most cell types into functional units (tissues); they are contact points b/w the plasma membranes of tissue cells |
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| 5 main types of cell junctions |
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| 1) Tight junctions 2) Adherens juntions 3) Desmosomes 4) Hemidesmosomes 5) Gap Junctions |
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| web-like strands of transmembrane proteins, fusing the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membranes; found in epithelial tissues that line the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder; function: obstruct the passage of substances b/w cells & prevent leakage of contents into blood or surrounding tissues |
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| contain plaque, cadherins, adhesion belts; function: hep epithelial tissue surfaces resist separation during contractile activities |
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| a dense layer of proteins inside the plasma membrane- attaches to membrane proteins and microfilaments |
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| transmembrane glycoproteins that join cells |
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| extensive zones of adherens junctions |
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| contain plaque & transmembrane glycoproteins- extend into intercellular space, attaching cells together; unlike adherens, plaque attaches to intermediate filaments; function: stability of the cell; prevent epidermal cells from separating under tension & cardiac muscle cells from pulling apart during contraction |
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| resemble desmosomes but do not link adjacent cells; contains integrins, keratin; function: anchor cells to basement membrane |
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| transmembrane proteins in hemidesmosomes |
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| contains connexins and connexons; plasma membranes are not fused together like tight junctions, ions and small molecules pass through connexons; function; transfer nutrients/waste b/t cells and allow communication; also enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly |
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