Term
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Definition
Monera - single cells, bacteria, glycan/peptid cell wall
Plantae - multicellular, cellulose cell wall, photosynthetic
Animalia - multicellular, no cell wall, hetertrophic
Fungi - heterotrophic, chitin cell wall
Protista - "junk drawer" |
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Term
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Definition
| development of classification schemes in which related kinds of snimals are grouped together and separated from less related kinds |
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Term
| Define taxonomy and know hierarchy of classification |
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Definition
taxonomy = applying names to each of the different kinds of organisms
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species |
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Term
| Biological species concept |
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Definition
| species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups |
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Term
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Definition
| sequence in the origin of uniquely derived characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| larval tunicates failed to metamorphose into adults but developed functional gonads and reproduced while still in the larval stage |
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Term
| Garstang's proposal that larval tunicates gave rise to cephalochordates and vertebrates |
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Definition
| spread to new habitats, larvae developed functional gonads, sessile adult stage is lost |
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Term
| Possible vertebrate ancestors |
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Definition
Pikaia - notochord, myomeres
Yunnanozoon - notochord, segmentation, gills
Cathyamyrus - possible notochord, segmentation
Haikouella - notochord, gills, ventral heart, CNS, eyes
Calcichordates - covered by calcium derived plates, gills
Conodonts - teeth, segmentation, bilateral symmetry, large eyes, bone cells
Haikouichthyes - paired fins, gills, myomeres, no bony skeleton or teeth |
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Term
| Differences between hagfishes and lampreys (Table 4.1) |
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Definition
hagfish/lamprey
Dorsal fin: none/1 or 2
Eyes: rudimentary/well developed
Extrinsic eye muscles: absent/present
Oral disc: absent/present
Lateral-line system: absent/well developed
Semicirc. canals: 1 on each side/2 on each side
Spiral valve intestine: absent/present
Nostril location: front of head/top of head
Cranium: poorly developed/cartilaginous
Vetebrae: absent/present |
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Term
| Mallatt's theory of gnathostome evolution |
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Definition
| jaws were originally for breathing; start with brain case, branchial gill arch becomes lower jaw, add hyoid arch for connection, add mandibular arch, add dermal bone of skull roof |
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Term
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Definition
Epicercal -top is longer, pushes down (sharks)
Hypocercal - bottom is longer, pushes up (flying fish)
Protocercal - basic outline of inner parts (hagfish)
Homocercal - same size on top and bottom, ray finned (Actinopterygii)
Diphycercal - two lobes, lobe finned (Sarcopterygii) |
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Term
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Definition
| posterior gill arches became modified to form pectoral and pelvic girdles and modified gill rays formed the skeletons of the fins |
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Term
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Definition
| paired fins of sharks develop from a continuous thickening of the ectoderm; paired fins arose with a paired but continuous set of ventrolateral folds in the body wall |
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Term
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Definition
| Acanthodians possessed as many as 7 pairs of spiny appendages along their trunks, thought to have served as stabilizers, some had web-like membrane and all were lost but anterior and posterior pairs of fins |
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Term
| Acanthodii characteristics indicative of Chondrichthyes |
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Definition
| heterocercal tail, cartilaginous skeleton, lots of paired fins with spines |
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Term
| Acanthodii characteristics indicative of Placoderms |
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Definition
| heterocercal tail, lots of paired fins with spines |
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Term
| Acanthodii characteristics indicative of Osteichthyes |
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Definition
| truly jawed fish with bone in endoskeleton, bone supporting structures of fins, lots of paired fins with spines, thick bony scales |
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Term
| 3 scale types in Osteichthyes |
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Definition
Ganoid - rhombus shaped
Cycloid - circular shaped
Ctenoid - scalloped edge, radii from focus |
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Term
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Definition
| Pectoral, pelvic, dorsal, adipose, anal, caudal |
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Term
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Definition
Acrodont - teeth are attached to outer surface of the jawbone
Thecodont - rooted in individual bony sockets
Polyphyodont - can replace damaged or injured teeth |
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Term
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Definition
Anadromous - sea to FW to breed
Catadromous - FW to sea to breed
Diadromous - migrate from FW to sea regularly |
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Term
| Osmotic challenges of marine fish |
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Definition
| living in hypertonic environment; get rid of salt in kidneys by producing concentrated urine, secrete salt in gills |
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Term
| Osmotic challenges of FW fish |
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Definition
| living in hypotonic environment; gills absorb salt, kidneys reabsorb salt, dilute urine to get rid of water |
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