Monarchy

Aristocracy

Meritocracy

-One royal person rule

-A whole noble class rule

-Smart people rule

Democracy

Direct Democracy

-The people rule through votes

-citizens partcipate in government directly rule

Republic

Dictatorship

-ruled by poeple, exercised by representives

-one ruler with absolute power

Four Major Problems in Ancient Greece

1. Athens (largest) ruled as an aristocracy

2. Classes of citizenship based on heredity

3. Poor farmers in debt; farmers become slaves

4. Seperated into city-states, each with different goverenments

Leader

Solon

1. Outlawed slavery based on debt

2. Canceled farmer's debt

3. All free adult males were citizens

4. Classes of citizenship based on wealth not heredity

Leader

Cleisthenes

1. wanted to decrease power of nobility

2. allowed all citizens to submit laws

3. increased participation

4. considered founder of democracy in Ancient Greece

Leader

Pericles

1. increased participation by paying workers

2. Poorer citizens can participate

3. created a Direct democracy

4. Time of rule was known as "Golden Age of Greece"

Philosopher

Socrates

1. Encouraged people to question everything (Socratic Method)

2. Citezens had the right to ask for change

3. Killed by the government for his radical ideas

Philosopher

Plato

1. Socrates' student; angered by his death

2. believed government consisted of stupid poeple

3. wanted a meritocracy led by "philosopher kings"

Philospher

Aristotle

1. Plato's student

2. Believed that people needed a government that keeps people happy

3. Government needs checks and balances

-two parts; one cannot get too powerful

 Rome Develops a Republic

From Kingdom to Republic

- Greeks ↓ ; Romans ↑

-Romans stole Greek government ideas

- monarchy→aristocracy→republic

 -republic = indirect democracy; voting rights to free males

-in the republic—patricians vs. plebians

-Plebians recieve power

Roman Law

- Romans got great power through conquest

- Want a universal law system

- Laws based on reason and justice

- Laws include: equal treatment, innocence til guilty, burden of proof, unreasonal laws set aside

King Henry II

1. Gifted leader of England

2. Developed ideas of Trial by Jury

3. Unified England under common law

King Richard

1. Henry's son

2. Great military leader

3. Died

King John

1. Richard's brother; unpopular

2. Lost war with France

-Raised taxes to pay for war

3. Angry nobles made him sign Magna Carta

-contract to limit King's power

-no taxing without permission

-king has to follow laws

King Edward

1. John's grandson

2. Another war with France→needed money

3. Created Model Parliament

-gathering of nobles and leading citizens

-voted on taxes

-helped Edward make laws

King James I

1. Problems

-unfamiliar with common law

-different religion

-large debt

-Believed in Divine Right (Absolute monarch)

-Ignore parliament

King Charles I

1. James I son

2. Needed money

3. signed Petition of Rights 

-Limits power of monarch in exchange for funds

4. ignored document and dismissed Parliament

5. Leads to rebellion

English Civil War

1. Royalist vs. Anti-Royalists

-Anti wins

2. King Charles I executed

Oliver Cromwell

1. Leader of Anti-Royalist

2. Remove Parliament

3. Calls himself "Lord Protector"

4. Ruled as a military dictator

Richard Cromwell

1. Oliver's son

2. Second "Lord Protector"

3. Weak and unpopular

4. Quits

The Restoration

1. Charles's Stuart was invited to rule

2. Restoration: monarchy was restored

3. Parliament limited monarch's power

-passed Habeas Corpus

Glorious Revolution

1. King James II took throne

2. Believed in Divine Right

3. People offered throne to Mary and William of Orange

4. Chased James out and replaced him

Enlightenment Philosphers

England

Thomas Hobbes: believed people are selfish

-created social contract

Mary Wollstonecraft: wanted to improve status of women

-fought for women's education and equality

Enlightenment Philosophers

France

Voltaire: Complained about everything

-believed in tolerance, freedom of speech/religion, and reason

Baron de Montsquieu: seperation of powers

-legislative, executive, and judicial

Jean-Jacques Rousseau: direct democracy

Cesare Beccaria

Italian

1. Government should preserve social order

2. Everyone deserves trial

3. No torture/punishments

John Locke

1. Belives that people can rule themselves

2. People are free and born with natural rights

-Life, liberty, and property

-government should protect this

-the right to rebel