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| The hard storage unit of cyanobacteria, allowing them to survive harsh conditions; contains food and allows cells to become dormant. |
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| 4 or more clades; many intermediate characteristics between pro- and eukaryotes; some unique characteristics; different structure than bacteria; inhabit extreme environments; very small, easy to find in soil and aquatic environments. |
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| The precusrors to chlorophyll; contained within purple and green sulfur; do not produce oxygen. |
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| Used by Archaea; a transport protein pirgment that allowed them to live as photoheterotrophs; it captures light energy and pumps hydrogen across membranes to create a gradient that is then converted into chemical energy. |
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| Obtain energy from inorganic chemicals (not containing carbon), get carbon from carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, or another related compound. Include Sufolobus, Nitrosomonas (takes ammonia and turns it into nitrite) and Pseudonomoas (takes nitrites and turns them into nitrogen gas). |
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| Obtain energy from organic compounds (carbon), obtain carbon from organic compounds (carbon), include many prokaryotes (Clostridium) and protists, fungi, animals, and some plants. May be saprobes, parasites, or commensalists. Bacteria cannot be naturally destroyed. |
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| A symbiotic relationship in which the organism benefits while the host does not feel anything. Examples include bacteria on the surface of the human body. |
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| Bacteria capable of photosynthesis using peptidoglycan as a cell wall, and chlorophyll a and phycobilins as photosynthetic pigments. They are the first organisms to introduce mass amounts of oxygen into the atmosphere. They may be the source of chloroplasts in plants through endosymbiotic theory. |
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| Created by certain bacteria when conditions become unfavorable; made of nucleic acids contained within a resistant, hardened shell; cell can reproduce when conditions become more favorable. They are resistant to radiation, desiccation, and other threats. |
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| The act of living within another organism. Endosymbiotic theory explains the presence of chloroplasts within plants derived from cyanobacteria. Mitochondria are also endosymbionts. |
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| Outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria; released when bacteria dies and cell walls break. Causes salmonella. |
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| Toxins secreted actively by bacteria; may be present without evidence of prokaryote. Clostridium botulinum (most potent poison known), Vibrio cholera (cholera). |
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| Archaea who favor environments with extreme salinity. Purple-red scum utilizing bacteriorhodopsin; Great Salt Lake and the Dead Sea are two major places with extreme salt. |
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| Archaea living in extremely hot environments. Sufolobus in environments between 60 and 90 degrees Celsius oxidize sulfur. Deep sea thermal vents house thermophiles at up to 121 degrees Celsius. |
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| Organisms that can respirate with or without oxygen. Include E. coli and Listeria. |
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| Obligate anaerobe bacteria that use bacteriochlorophyll to use light energy and inorganic compounds to generate ATP (photoautotroph). Produce no oxygen. |
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| The site of nitrogen fixation in a bacteria. |
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| Arcahea who use carbon dioxide to oxidize hydrogen gas, and release methane as a result. Obligate anaerobe. |
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| Organisms that live with or in another organism that produce a mutual relationship. Include fungi, bacteria, mycorrhizae. |
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| The act of fixing atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia in order to metabolize it. Heterocysts in bacteria are the cause of prokaryote nitrogen fixation. Rhizobium, Anaboena, and Nostoc are examples of bacteria the do nitrogen fixation. |
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| A region inside of a prokaryote that contains DNA. Alternative to circular plasmid. Not an actual nucleus. |
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| Organisms that require the absence of oxygen to survive. Include methanogens and green sulfur bacteria. |
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| Symbionts that negatively affect the host; include diseases. Opportunistic. Include endo and exotoxins. Used for human commercial use: gene cloning by E. coli, yogurt, gene splicing, bioremediation. |
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| The cell wall material of bacteria. |
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| An organism that uses light energy and carbon dioxide or other related substances to generate ATP: most plants, algae, cyanobacteria. |
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| Uses light energy and organic compounds to generate ATP: some Archaea, purple and green sulfur bacteria. |
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| The circular form of bacteria DNA. Source of horizontal gene transfer. Proof of endosymbiosis. |
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| Photoheterotrophic bacteria that releases sulfur into the environment. They oxidize hydrogen sulfide instead of water. |
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| Decomposers; chemoheterotrophs. |
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