Term
| Special features of cardiac mm (5) |
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Definition
striated
fatigue resistant
fewer but larger t-tubules
intercalated discs
some regeneration possible |
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Term
| 98% of normal metabolites are in the form of... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| consumption of nutrients, excretion of acid metabolites |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| pH: uncompensated v compensated |
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Definition
| compensated = pH is normal bc pt has learned how to compensate for abnormal base levels (BE/BD) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| partial pressure of oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| partial pressure of carbon dioxide; how much CO2 is dissolved in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| lower than normal O2 in arterial blood |
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Term
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Definition
lower than normal O2 in lungs, blood, tissues
(**can be hypoxic s hypoxemia) |
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Term
| hypercapnia (hypercarbia) = |
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Definition
| too much CO2 in systemic aa. |
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Term
| most commonly occluded coronary a = |
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Definition
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Term
| coronary aa supplying L ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| coronary aa supplying lateral heart |
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Definition
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Term
| coronary aa supplying R ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Primary determinants of heart performance (4) |
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Definition
preload
afterload
HR
contractility |
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Term
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Definition
rate pressure product;
HR•BP |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs at rest (2º to coronary aa. vasospasm) |
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Term
| MI most often involves ___ ventricle |
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Definition
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Term
| Silent (asymptomatic MI) more common in... |
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Definition
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Term
| Zones of infarction - 3 zones |
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Definition
central zone
zone of injury
zone of ischemia |
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Term
| Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - central zone |
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Definition
| necrotic; shows as larger Q |
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Term
| Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - zone of injury |
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Definition
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Term
| Zones of infarction, and ECG changes - zone of ischemia |
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Definition
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Term
| Scar tissue p MI - timeframe for beginning formation |
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Definition
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Term
| Scar tissue p MI - timeframe for complete formation |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
less stable
NOT transmural |
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Term
| Dx of MI: elevated enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Leads viewing anterior aspect of heart |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Leads viewing lateral aspect of heart |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Leads viewing inferior aspect of heart |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Leads viewing apex of heart |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Leads viewing posterior aspect of heart |
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Definition
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Term
| Valvular heart disease - causes |
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Definition
| rheumatic fever, strep throat, congenital deformity |
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Term
| Types of valve injury (3) |
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Definition
stenosis
insufficiency
prolapse |
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Term
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Definition
| incr in heart size, without incr in wall thickness |
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Term
| Dilated cardiomyopathy: symptoms |
|
Definition
| elevated HR at rest, SOB, fatigue |
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Term
| Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy = |
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Definition
incr in heart size s incr in chamber volume;
wall thickness dramatically increased |
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Term
| Types of cardiomyopathy (3) |
|
Definition
dilated,
hypertrophic,
restrictive |
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Term
| Restrictive cardiomyopathy = |
|
Definition
mm compliance compromised >> rigid ventricle walls;
causes backflow, pulmonary HTN common |
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Term
| Acute myocarditis: most often caused by... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Myocarditis: often concurrent with |
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Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
chest pain, SOB, incr HR, FEVER;
looks like MI, but symptoms sometimes relieved c all-fours position |
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Term
| Rapid pericardial effusion = |
|
Definition
| tamponade (>15 mmHg pressure incr >> decr vv return, ventricular filling |
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Term
| Causes of pericardial effusion (2) |
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Definition
infection (quick effusion)
uremic (slower effusion) |
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Term
| Rheumatic heart disease: most often follows... |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Rheumatic heart disease: age affected |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Rheumatic heart disease: areas affected |
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Definition
| mitral valve (75-80%), plus another valve (30% aortic) |
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Term
| Infective endocarditis: happens when infection is introduced... |
|
Definition
| directly into blood stream |
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Term
|
Definition
| inability of heart to maintain SV (can't fill/eject completely) |
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Term
| Tests to rule in cardiac pump dysfxn (5) |
|
Definition
ejection fraction
ECG of ischemia
BP during ex
MET during ex
BP during controlled expiratory maneuver |
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Term
| ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: A |
|
Definition
risk factors;
not yet symptomatic OR has a heart murmur |
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Term
| ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: B |
|
Definition
| asymptomatic, but imparied LV fuxn/hypertrophy |
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Term
| ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: C |
|
Definition
symptomatic,
structural disease |
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Term
| ACC/AHA stages of heart failure: D |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class I |
|
Definition
mild;
no limitation of physical activity
normal activity does not lead to symptoms |
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Term
| New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class II |
|
Definition
mild;
slight limitation of physical activity
normal activity >> symptoms |
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Term
| New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class III |
|
Definition
mod;
marked limitation of physical activity
less than ordinary activity >> symptoms |
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Term
| New York Heart Association stages of heart failure: Class IV |
|
Definition
severe;
any physical activity >> discomfort
symptoms at rest |
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Term
| Typical physiological sequence of heart failure |
|
Definition
decr ejection fraction >>
hypotension >>
Na & H2O retnetion >>
congestion in circulation |
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Term
| Acute CHF: speed of onset |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Chronic heart failure: speed of onset |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Compensation mechanisms for compensated heart failure |
|
Definition
fluid retention
incr angiotensin
hypertrophy of viable myocardium |
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Term
|
Definition
| incr force of heart contraction |
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Term
|
Definition
left venricular assistive device
(aids those prepping for heart transplant) |
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Term
| Signs of L ventricular failure |
|
Definition
rales,
S4,
peripheral cyanosis,
incr RR,
Cheyne-Stokes respirations,
decr urinary output c incr BUN,
reflex tachycardia,
EF <40% |
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Term
| Signs of R ventricular failure |
|
Definition
distended neck vv,
decr urinary output,
S4,
peripheral edema,
hepatojugular reflex |
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Term
| Components of ejection fraction (3) |
|
Definition
end diastolic volume
stroke volume
end systolic volume |
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|
Term
| ejection fraction formula |
|
Definition
| EF = (end diastolic vol - end sys vol) ÷ end dias vol |
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Term
| Ejection fraction value: normal |
|
Definition
| 50-60% (60-70% c activity) |
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Term
| Ejection fraction value: abnormal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ejection fraction value: heart failure |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
| angiotensin receptor blockers (ARB): suffix |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coumadin, lovanox, plavix |
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Term
| Inotropic agents: examples |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Inotropic agents: mech of action |
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Definition
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Term
| Meds that are relatively contraindicated in heart failure (3) |
|
Definition
anti-arrhythmic agents
calcium-channel blockers
NSAIDs |
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|
Term
| jxnl rhythm >> ____% ∆ in cardiac output |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Recommendations for pts at risk for developing heart failure |
|
Definition
control HTN, dyslipidemia, blood sugar, health behaviors
control heart disorders |
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