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Exam 1 Micro Fall 2016
Introduction to microbiology
80
Microbiology
Undergraduate 1
08/23/2016

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is microbiology? (Definition)
Definition
The study of Microbes
Term
What are microbes? (definition)
Definition
living organisms too small for the naked eye... microscope
Term
What are three exceptions to the definition of microbiology?
Definition
Viruses, protozoa/helminthes, and arthropods
Term
What makes viruses an exception?
Definition
non-living --> no metabolism or homeostasis
Term
What makes protozoa/helminthes an exception?
Definition
You can see some species without the help of a microscope.
Term
Why are arthropods considered an exception? What do they include?
Definition
They are big enough to see with naked eye. Include mosquitoes, ticks fleas --> forms of parasites
Term
How do you organize microbiology?
Definition
Division and fields
Term
What are the five groups microbes can be organized by types?
Definition
bacteria, viruses, fungi, algae, protozoa
Term
what is virology?
Definition
study of viruses
Term
What is bacteriology?
Definition
study of bacteria
Term
What are pathogens?
Definition
disease causing agents
Term
What are non-pathogens?
Definition
non disease causing agents
Term
What is mycology?
Definition
study of fungi
Term
What is phycology?
Definition
study of algae (micro and macro)
Term
What is protozoology?
Definition
Study of protozoa
Term
What is parisitology?
Definition
Study of parasites
Term
What is a parasite?
Definition
An organism that lives at the expense of a host.
Term
What is immunology?
Definition
Study of the mechanisms used by one organism to fend off another organism
Term
What roles do microbes play? (list at least 4)
Definition
industry and environment, decomp, agriculture, bioremediation, biotech, o2 contribution, nutrient recycling
Term
Antonie van Leeowenhoek
Definition
duch draper, invented first handheld microscope, first to see microbes. Identified the 3 shapes of bacteria
Term
Edward Jenner
Definition
discovered small pox vaccine
Term
How did Edward Jenner discover the small pox vaccine?
Definition
Inoculated people with cowpox, something in the cowpox prevented people from attracting small pox
Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
Invented Vaccines for rabies and andthrax. Pasteurization. "father of microbiology". came up with germ theory
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Came up with Koch's postulate. ID agent of anthrax and TB
Term
What is Koch's postulate?
Definition
Procedure used to get a pure culture or something.
Term
Ronald Ross
Definition
ID malaria parasite and found out it was transmitted by mosquitoes
Term
Alexander Flemming
Definition
INvented penicillin in WWII and found out penicillin can be used to cure syphilis
Term
Karl Landsteiner
Definition
Human ABO blood groups and Rh factors. First advances in immunology --> Nobel prize winner
Term
What is taxonomy? (definition)
Definition
Study of phylogenetic relationships b/w organisms
Term
What was aristotles contribution of microbiology>
Definition
Put all organisms in two groups, mobile and nonmobile
Term
What is Carolus Linnaeus' nickname?
Definition
Father of taxonomy
Term
What is Carolus Linnaeus' contribution to microbiology?
Definition
Came up with taxonomy. Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Family, Order, Genus, Species
Term
Ernest Haeckel
Definition
Added kingdom protista
Term
What is PH Whittakers contribution to taxonomy?
Definition
expanded to 5 kingdom system: Monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Term
What is Carl Woese contribution to taxonomy?
Definition
Able to identify organisms by their sequences of rRNA
Term
What are the three domains and how are they organized?
Definition
Bacteria achaea and eukarya. organized based on rRNA.
Term
What falls under eukarya?
Definition
multi-cellular organisms including protista, fungi, plantae, animalia
Term
How are bacteria and archaea distinguished between each other? What makes them similar?
Definition
rRNA, both prokaryotic unicellular organisms
Term
What similarities does an archaea cell have to prokaryotes?
Definition
external structures and shape, both lack membranous organelles
Term
How are archaea cells similar to eukaryotes?
Definition
Have ribosomes and metabolic enzymes
Term
What is the current record holder for surviving high temps
Definition
Geogamma
Term
What are extremophiles?
Definition
archaea which require extreme environmental conditions in order to survive: high salt, high temp, acidity
Term
What are thermophiles?
Definition
archaea which require high temps
Term
What are halophiles?
Definition
Archaea which require high salt conc.
Term
What are methanogens
Definition
Archaea which create methane gas, convert organic waste into methane
Term
How are bacterial cells organized?
Definition
shape size and colony arrangement
Term
What are the three shapes of bacteria?
Definition
coccus, bacillus, and spirillum
Term
Describe coccus in one word
Definition
Spherical
Term
Describe bacillus in one word
Definition
rod
Term
Describe spirillus in one word
Definition
spiral
Term
How might a bacterial cell be classified in arrangement? What are the categories?
Definition
Single, pairs (diplo-), Cluster (staphlo-), chain (strepto-), groups of four(tetrads)
Term
What is the glycocalyx?
Definition
"sweet cup" - outermost surface exposed to environment - sugar layer (glyco)
Term
What is the functionality of glycocalyx?
Definition
protection, adhesion, and reception
Term
What are the two forms of glycocalyx?
Definition
Slime layer or capsule
Term
What is the difference between the two forms of glycocalyx?
Definition
slime layer is a loose shield, can be washed off or removed; capsule is a thick structured layer.
Term
What is a biofilm?
Definition
aggregates of many bacteria living together or a surface
Term
What are the functions of the cell wall? (3)
Definition
Determine shape of cell, give structural support so cell can withstand osmotic pressures
Term
What is the cell wall comprised of?
Definition
mainly peptidoglycan
Term
Why do drugs and disinfectants target the cell wall?
Definition
when they break down the cell wall it allows the cell to lyse due to osmotic pressures
Term
What procedure is carried out in order to determine if a cell is gram- or gram+?
Definition
gram staining
Term
What distinguishing feature does gram+ cell wall have?
Definition
Very thick peptidoglycan layer
Term
What function does lipoteichoic acid have in gram positive bacteria?
Definition
anchor the cell wall to the cytoplasm membrane
Term
What function does the teichoic acids have when staining?
Definition
teichoic acids have negative charge which bonds well with crystal violet dye used to determine if gram+
Term
What distinguishing feature does the gram- cell wall have?
Definition
thin layer of peptidoglycan with additional outer cell membrane composed of lipopolysacharrides, phospholipids, and proteins
Term
Why are gram- bacteria harder to treat? Hint:lipid A
Definition
The lipid A can shed when given antibiotics, that layer that sheds can trigger toxic substances causing fever, shock, blood clotting
Term
What is the cell membrane comprised of?
Definition
typical lipid bilayer with proteins embedded in it
Term
What are endospores?
Definition
unique cell structure separate front he vegetative cell.
Term
What is the purpose of endospores?
Definition
Survival/defense against hostile or unfavorable conditions
Term
What are fimbriae?
Definition
fine, hairlike bristles from the cell surface
Term
What purpose does fimbriae serve?
Definition
Adhesioni to other cells and surfaces
Term
What is a nucleoid?
Definition
DNA found in a bacterial cell, the condensed area where this is found
Term
What is a pilus? function?
Definition
Long hollow appendage. Used in transferring DNA to other cells and cell adhesion
Term
What is a mesosome?
Definition
extension of the cell membrane that folds into the cytoplasm in order to increase surface area
Term
What is the main function of flagellum?
Definition
motility
Term
Whatis found in the ribosomes? what purpose do ribosomes serve?
Definition
RNA. site of protein synthesis
Term
Purpose of Nucleus?
Definition
store DNA
Term
Purpose of nucleolus?
Definition
Store RNA and Ribosomal subunits
Term
Purpose of E.R.?
Definition
make proteins and lipids
Term
Purpose of golgi?
Definition
sorting and protection
Term
Purpose of Mitochondria?
Definition
power house
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