Term
which of the following is false about scientific theories?
(A) They have been thoroughly tested.
(B) They are developed by inductive reasoning.
(C) They are used to support observations using deductive reasoning.
(D) They can be either supported or modified by new observations.
(E) They are firmly established and cannot be refuted. |
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Definition
| (E) They are firmly established and cannot be refuted. |
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Term
All of the following are features of the scientific method EXCEPT:
(A) hypothesis formulation.
(B) observation and experimentation.
(C) supernatural causes.
(D) inductive and deductive reasoning. (E) formulation of conclusions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The experiments of of Francesco Redi? |
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Definition
| disproved the idea of spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: prokaryotic cells are distinguishable from eukaryotic cells by having a nucleus |
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Definition
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Term
| a carefully formulated scientific explanation that is based on extensive observations and is in accord with scientific principles is called a? |
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Definition
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Term
| An organism's ability to maintain its internal stability when the external environment changes is called |
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Definition
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Term
| a change in the genetic makeup of a species over time is called? |
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Definition
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Term
we use the scientific method every day. imagine that your car doesnt start one morning before school. Which of these is a reasonable hypothesis regarding the problem?
(A) I'm going to be late.
(B) I'm out of gas.
(C) I should check whether the lights were left on and drained the battery. (D) I should change the battery or the starter.
(E) I should add a quart of oil. |
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Definition
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Term
| francesco redi designed an experiment to test the notion of spontaneous generation. he left the first jar of meat open to the air and covered the second jar. the first jar was called the ________ jar? |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following is an example of hydrogen bonding?
A) the bond between O and H in a single molecule of water
(B) the bond between O of one water molecule and H of a second water molecule (C) the bond between O of one water molecule and O of a second water molecule (D) the bond between H of one water molecule and H of a second water molecule (E) the bond between the H of a water molecule and H of a hydrogen molecule |
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Definition
| (B) the bond between O of one water molecule and H of a second water molecule |
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Term
| polar covalent bonds form when? |
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Definition
| electrons are shared unequally between atoms |
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Term
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Definition
| has equal amounts of H+ and OH- |
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Term
| if a certain atom had a tendency to lose two electrons, this lends itself to the formation of a(n)? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| have an unequal distribution of electric charge |
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Term
| the element carbon has atomic number 6. carbon most likely forms how many of what kind of bond? |
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Definition
| forms four covalent bonds |
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Term
| atoms or molecules that have gained or lost electrons are called? |
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Definition
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Term
if you examined the human body, which of the following combinations of elements would be most common?
A) C, O, P, S
(B) C, Na, O, N
(C) Cl, Ca, C, H (D) C, S, Ca, N
(E) O, N, H, C |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| they accept or release H+ |
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Term
| the hydrogen bond between two water molecules forms because water is? |
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Definition
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Term
| cholesterol, testosterone, and estrogen are examples of? |
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Definition
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Term
which of these is NOT a nucleic acid or nucleotide?
(A) RNA
(B) DNA
(C) ATP
(D) LDL |
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Definition
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Term
| which type of molecule is most abundant in a typical cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrolysis may be correctly described as the? |
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Definition
| breaking of a compound into its subunits by adding water between the subunits |
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Term
| prions are known to cause? |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following refers to the amino acid sequence of proteins?
(A) primary
(B) secondary
(C) tertiary
(D) quaternary
(E) NONE of the above |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F: functional groups determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity or organic molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| if digestion _______, then synthesis is _______? |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following correctly matches an organic polymer with its monomers, respectively?
(A) protein, amino acids
(B) carbohydrate, polysaccharides
(C) hydrocarbon, monosaccharides
(D) lipid, steroids
(E) DNA, ATP |
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Definition
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Term
which of the following reactions requires the removal of water to form a covalent bond?
(A) glycogen -> glucose subunits
(B) peptide -> alanine + glycine
(C) cellulose -> glucose
(D) glucose + galactose -> lactose
(E) fat -> fatty acids + glycerol |
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Definition
| (D) glucose + galactose -> lactose |
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Term
Treponema pallidum is the organism that causes syphilis, a sexually transmitted disease. This organism moves around freely, making it well adapted to traveling within bodily fluids and being spread from host to host during intimate contact. It possesses a single chromosome and has relatively few genes. The overall shape of this single-celled organism is similar to a corkscrew, with many twists and turns along its length.
Based on this information, Treponema is most likely what type of cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| which organelle is most abundant in cardiac muscle cells? |
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Definition
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Term
Which statement most accurately describes the interactions among ER, ribosomes, and Golgi bodies in exporting protein from the cell?
(A) Golgi bodies manufacture proteins, which travel through the ER to be packaged by the ribosomes for export.
(B) ER manufactures proteins, which are carried by ribosomes to the Golgi bodies for export.
(C) ER manufactures proteins, which are carried by the Golgi bodies to the ribosomes for export.
(D) Ribosomes manufacture proteins, which travel through the ER and are packaged by the Golgi bodies for export.
(E) Ribosomes make proteins that travel through the Golgi bodies to the ER, which exports them. |
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Definition
| (D) Ribosomes manufacture proteins, which travel through the ER and are packaged by the Golgi bodies for export. |
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Term
| a plant cell adapted for waste storage would probably contain a large number of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of a plant cell vacuole? |
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Definition
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Term
| membrane proteins are synthesized on ribosomes that are found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| how does a cell rid itself of defective or malfunctioning organelles? |
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Definition
| lysosomes assist in the removal of defective organelles by digesting them |
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Term
| researchers have been able to study the pathway of a secreted protein by "tagging" it with a fluorescent marker. using this method, you would observe fluorescence moving from the ER to which organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| a particular cell has the following molecules and structure: enzymes, DNA, ribosomes, plasma membrane, and mitochondria. what type of cell could it be? |
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Definition
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Term
| which of the following statements does NOT agree with the cell theory? (A) Insects are composed of cells. (B) Paramecium comes from Paramecium. (C) Bacteria are the smallest possible organisms. (D) Minerals in the diet are important for good health. (E) Spontaneous generation cannot occur. |
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Definition
| (D) Minerals in the diet are important for good health. |
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Term
| the cell theory states______ |
|
Definition
| all living things are composed of cells |
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Term
| why are living cells limited to remaining microscopic in size? |
|
Definition
| exchanges of substances at the membrane surface would take too long to diffuse throughout the interior of the cell |
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Term
| how do molecules such as proteins and RNA enter into or exit from the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| molecules move through pores in the nuclear envelope |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| which organelles are part of the internal membrane system of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| the ER, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes |
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Term
| imagine taht you are late for an appointment and you reach the office door out of breath because you just ran the last three blocks from the bus stop. which of the following descriptions of what oxygen is used for in your cells is correct |
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Definition
| the mitchondria in my muscle cells need this extra oxygen to break down sugars and produce the energy i need to run |
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Term
| order form least to most complex: molecular, cellular, atomic, organelle, subatomic |
|
Definition
| subatomic, atomic, molecular, organelle, cellular |
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Term
| order from least to most complex: organ, organ system, tissue, organ system |
|
Definition
| tissue, organ, organ system, organism |
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Term
| order from least to most complex: community, ecosystem, population, biosphere |
|
Definition
| population, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
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Term
| list the 6 steps of the scientific method in order: |
|
Definition
1. observation
2. question
3. hypothesis
4. prediction
5. experiment or observation
6. conclusion |
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Term
| who discovered penicillin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| inductive reasoning process |
|
Definition
| observation/experiment --> generalization--> paradigm/theory |
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Term
| deductive reasoning process |
|
Definition
| paradigm/theory--> predictions--> observation/experiment |
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Term
| 5 most common elements in humans |
|
Definition
1. oxygen
2. carbon
3. nitrogen
4. hydrogen
5. calcium |
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Term
| 7 characteristics that define life: |
|
Definition
1. complex structure
2. acquire materials and energy from the environment
3. maintain internal conditions
4. growth
5. respond to stimuli
6. reproduce
7. capacity to evolve |
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Term
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Definition
| the quality that distinguishes a vital functioning being from a dead body |
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Term
| order from least to most complex: species, multicell. organism, biosphere, population, community |
|
Definition
| multicell. organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biosphere |
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Term
|
Definition
| maintenance of internal conditions |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| t/f: mutation, and therefore variation, is essential for living things to evolve |
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Definition
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Term
| how long does it take for the genetic composition of a whole species to change |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a general explanation for important natural phenomena |
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Term
| who formulated the basis of our modern understanding of evolution? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| evolution arises a consequence of three natural processes |
|
Definition
1. genetic variation
2. inheritance
3. natural selection |
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Term
|
Definition
| bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
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Term
| 4 subdivisions of eukarya |
|
Definition
| fungi, plantae, animalia, protista |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| which organisms are unicellular |
|
Definition
| bacteria, archaea, and the protists in eukarya |
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Term
| which organisms are multicellular |
|
Definition
| kingdom fungi, kingdom, plantae, kingdom animalia |
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Term
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Definition
| the fundamental structural units of matter |
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Term
| what is the charge of an atom |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
| the total mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons |
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Term
|
Definition
| number of protons; defining value for an element |
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Term
|
Definition
| variant atomic forms of an element |
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Term
|
Definition
| isotopes that spontaneously break apart forming different atoms and releasing energy |
|
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Term
| how many electrons does each electron shell hold? |
|
Definition
1st shell: 2 electrons
2nd shell: up to 8 electrons |
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Term
| what is the role of the nucleus in regards to electrons |
|
Definition
| nucleus provides stability |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the force of attraction between atoms that holds them together |
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Term
| life depends on electrons |
|
Definition
| capturing and releasing energy |
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Term
|
Definition
| correspond with energy levels |
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Term
|
Definition
| consist of two or more atoms, from the same of different elements |
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Term
|
Definition
| a substance made of atoms of different elements |
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Term
| reactions between atoms depend upon the |
|
Definition
| configuration of electrons in the outermost electron shell |
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Term
| atoms will NOT react with other atoms if the |
|
Definition
| outermost shell is completely empty or full |
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Term
| atoms WILL react with other atoms if the |
|
Definition
| outermost shell is partially full |
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|
Term
| reactive atoms gain stability |
|
Definition
| through electron interactions |
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Term
| H and O atoms gain stability |
|
Definition
| by interacting with each other |
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Term
| your baby starts crying. because she hasnt eaten in two hours, you declare, "the baby must be hungry." based on the scientific method, your statement is a(n)? |
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Definition
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Term
| a group of researchers developed a hypothesis and tested it by designing an experiment. the results of the experiment did not support the original hypothesis. what should the researchers do next? |
|
Definition
| they should reject the original hypothesis and develop a new hypothesis |
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Term
| a scientist is testing whether a new cancer drug will work on prostate cancer in humans. to properly interpret results of an experiment, control experiments are needed. which of the following treatments would serve as a control in these experiments, so that the researches can conclude that the changes they see in the patients are due to the drug? |
|
Definition
| some patients receive a "mock" injection that contains the same solution base and the same volume as the drug but does not actually contain the drug itself |
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Term
| the three natural processes that form the basis for evolution are: |
|
Definition
| genetic variation, inheritance, and natural selection |
|
|
Term
| how would natural selection be best illustrated? |
|
Definition
| a bacterial cell in the human body with a genetic variation that allows it to survive when the person takes antibiotics |
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Term
| your textbook lists 7 characteristics that living organisms possess as a group. however, if you could condense these 7 characteristics down to two general descriptive properties exclusive to all living organisms, what would they be? |
|
Definition
| macromolecular complexity and multiple levels of organization |
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Term
| the complexity of living systems |
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Definition
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|
Term
| you are a NASA scientist and have discovered an organism in outer space that contains its genetic material in the cytoplasm rather than in a nucleus. given this characteristic, how might you classify this organism? |
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Definition
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Term
| you discover a new type of organism in the back of you fridge. luckily, your roommate is a major in biology and takes you to the lab where she works. you put a small sample of the organism under the microscope and see that it is made of very simple, single cells with no nucleus. what type of organism is this MOST likely to be? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the atomic number of carbon is 6. how many protons and electrons would carbon have? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| what allows one atom to physically interact with a second atom? |
|
Definition
| properties of the electrons |
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|
Term
| nonpolar covalent bonds are different from polar covalent bonds because |
|
Definition
| electrons are shared equally in nonpolar covalent bonds and are shared unequally in polar covalent bonds |
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|
Term
| one solution has a pH of 2 and another has a pH of 3. what would be the relative difference in H+ ion concentration? |
|
Definition
| a tenfold difference in concentration |
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|
Term
| the molecule h2so4 is ionized to H+ ions and SO4- ions in water. would you predict this to result in a solution that is acidic or basic? |
|
Definition
| the solution would be acidic, as there would be more H+ than OH- ions |
|
|
Term
| atoms are the basic building blocks of elements. atoms, and therefore the elements themselves, are made up of subatomic bits of matter that are electrically charged, electrically positive, and electrically neutral. which subatomic component defines the fundamental nature of each element? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
|
|
Term
| all elements are _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many covalent bonds can the nitrogen (atomic number=7) atom form? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an atom other than hydrogen has a single electron in its outermost shell. what is the most likely outcome for this atom in terms of chemical bonding? |
|
Definition
| the atom will lose its outermost electron, becoming an ion with a charge of +1 |
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Term
| T/F: covalent bonds are when atoms gain or lose one or more electrons |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why are hydrophobic molecules such as fats and oils unable to dissolve in watery solutions? |
|
Definition
| water molecules form hydrogen bonds with each other, excluding the hydrophobic molecules |
|
|
Term
| water's ability to act as a "universal" solvent is due to |
|
Definition
| its natural ability to interact with polar molecules such as carbohydrates and proteins and the nature of oxygen, which pulls the hydrogen electrons a little closer to it than they are to the two hydrogen atoms |
|
|
Term
| why does water so greatly resist increases in temperature? |
|
Definition
| it takes great energy to break the huge number of hydrogen bonds that hold water molecules together |
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Term
| a large, complex organic molecule contains a number of polar covalent bonds. would you expect this molecule to be soluble in water? why? |
|
Definition
| yes, i would expect it to be soluble because it should be hydrophilic. |
|
|
Term
| organic is a term that can have different meanings. what does this term mean to a chemist? |
|
Definition
| organic compounds are compounds of carbon and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
| what functional group would you expect to help make an organic molecule soluble in water? |
|
Definition
| a carbon backbone with many hydroxyl groups, OH |
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Term
| which regions of a mummy's body would give the most intact pieces of DNA and why? |
|
Definition
| the fingers would have one of the fastest dehydration rates, leaving behind the least amount of water to be used in hydrolysis reactions, so more segments of DNA would be intact |
|
|
Term
| how are large organic molecules (macromolecules) synthesized? |
|
Definition
| by a dehydration reaction utilizing monomers |
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|
Term
| complex carbohydrates have numerous roles in plant cells, including ________ |
|
Definition
| long-term energy storage and giving of structure to plant cell walls |
|
|
Term
| how are you able to use the energy in the starch of a potato but not in the cellulose of celery? |
|
Definition
| our bodies can't break down the bonds in cellulose but can break those in starch |
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between a simple sugar and a complex carbohydrate? |
|
Definition
| complex carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars |
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|
Term
| at the gym one day, you notice a new "energy bar" being sold that advertises quick energy for you workout. to impress you further, it is claimed this bar contains only carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms. what kind of biological molecule(s) would you be eating if you ate this "energy bar?" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| phospholipids contain a head group that is ________ and two fatty acid tails that are _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lipids contain fatty acids, which are made mostly of nonpolar bonds. will these molecules be soluble or insoluble in water? explain. |
|
Definition
| they would be insoluble in water due to their nonpolar bonds |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible |
|
|
Term
| proteins are polymers of ________ |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| a scientist is studying the metabolism of proteins in yeast and wants to follow the formation of proteins from the earliest possible point. in her experiment, she will feed the yeast radioactive nutrients and follow the fate of the radioactivity in the cells. which of the following atoms will allow her to exclusively follow proteins in the cell? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the quaternary level of protein structure _______ |
|
Definition
| refers to a functional complex of two or more three-dimensional proteins |
|
|
Term
| which functional group is responsible for the wide diversity of function attributed to proteins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| you have identified a protein that is unable to form disulfide bridges. this would affect which of the following? |
|
Definition
| tertiary structure of the protein |
|
|
Term
| in which molecules would rearranging the order of the subunits have an effect on molecular function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| excess nitrogen wastes in our food are converted to urea. which types of food would you expect to increase the levels of urea in your blood? |
|
Definition
| meats that contain a lot of protein and legumes contain a lot of nucleic acid |
|
|
Term
| why are living cells limited to remaining microscopic in size? |
|
Definition
| exchanges of substances at the membrane surface would take too long to diffuse throughout the interior of the cell |
|
|
Term
| the smallest type of cell is a mycoplasma, which has a diameter between 0.1 micrometer and 1.0 micrometer. mycoplasmas are most likely ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do molecules such as proteins and RNA enter into or exit from the nucleus> |
|
Definition
| molecules move through pores in the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct list of organelles that are part of the internal membrane system of eukaryotic cells? |
|
Definition
| ER, golgi apparatus, and lysosomes |
|
|
Term
| what originated by endosymbiosis? |
|
Definition
| both chloroplasts and mitochondria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plant cells, animal cells, bacterial cells, mitochondria, and chloroplasts |
|
|
Term
| where are proteins that are going to be exported from the cell synthesized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the ER is needed for _____________ |
|
Definition
| synthesis of proteins, hormones, and lipids, along with detoxification |
|
|
Term
| what is the correct order in which newly synthesized proteins are delivered to the plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| they are delivered from the ER to the golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| in certain types of genetic engineering, DNA is injected into the nucleus of a recipient animal cell. what is the fewest number of membranes that must be pierced by the microscopic needle in order to inject the DNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a researcher has discovered an unusual organism deep in the crust of the Earth. She wants to know whether it is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. imagine that she has rapid tests to determine whether the following molecules are present: DNA, RNA, phospholipids, and the proteins that form microtubules. which test would you advise her to use and why? |
|
Definition
| test for microtubule proteins, because only eukaryotes have microtubules |
|
|
Term
| lysosomes contain very powerful digestive enzymes that can break down proteins, carbohydrates, and other molecules. why don't these enzymes digest the cell itself? |
|
Definition
| the enzymes are separated from the cytoplasm by the lysosomal membrane |
|
|
Term
| T/F: mitochondria are able to take energy from food molecules and store it in high-energy bonds of ATP |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what generalization can be made about cytoskeletons? |
|
Definition
| various cytoskeletal elements are needed in the performance of numerous essential cellular functions |
|
|
Term
| how does a paramecium survive in fresh water |
|
Definition
| the contractile vacuole expels water from the cell |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic cells _________ |
|
Definition
| possess a single molecule of circular DNA, by no definable membrane-enclosed nucleus |
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|
