Term
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Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down, or converted, to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
| all the organisms and their nonliving environment within a defined area |
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Definition
| in the scientific method, the use of carefully controlled observations or manipulations to test the predictions the generated by a hypothesis |
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Definition
1. the descent of modern organisms, with modification,from preexisting life-forms
2. the theory that all organisms are related by common ancestry and have changed over time
3. any change in the generic makeup (the proportions of different genotypes) in a population from one generation to the next |
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Definition
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Definition
| referring to cells of organisms of the domain eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, and protists). eukaryotic cells have genetic material enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus and contain other organelles |
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Definition
| the smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of the element |
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Definition
| a trait that increases the ability of an individual to survive and reproduce compared to individuals without the trait |
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Definition
| literally "self feeder"; normally a photosynthetic organism; a producer |
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Definition
| a particle composed of one or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound |
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Definition
| a change in the base sequence of DNA in a gene; often used to refer to a genetic change that is significant enough to alter the appearance or function of the organisms |
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Definition
| many-celled; most members of the kingdoms fungi, plantae, and animalia, are multicellular with intimate cooperation among cells |
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Definition
| an individual living thing |
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Definition
| a molecule that contains both carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
| a structure (such as the liver, kidney,or skin) composed of two or more distinct tissue types that function together |
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Definition
| two or more organs that work together to perform a specific function; for example, the digestive system |
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Definition
| in the scientific method, the recognition of and a statement about a specific phenomenon, usually leading to the formulation of a question about the phenomenon |
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Definition
| a membrane-enclosed structure found inside a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function |
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Definition
| the smallest unit of life, consisting, at the minimum, of an outer membrane that encloses a watery medium containing organic molecules including genetic material composed of DNA |
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Definition
| in the scientific method, a decision about the validity of a hypotheses, made on the basis of experiments or observations |
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Definition
| the portion of an experiment in which all possible variables are held constant; in contrast to the "experimental" portion, in which a particular variable is altered |
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Definition
| a DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of the DNA |
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Definition
| the scientific theory stating that every living organism is made up of one or more cells; cells are the functional units of all organisms; and all cells arise form preexisting cells |
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Definition
| all the material contained within the plasma membrane of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus |
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Definition
| a group of (normally similar) cells that together carry out a specific function; a tissue may also include extracellular material produced by its cells |
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Definition
| all the members of a particular species within an ecosystem, found in the same time and place and actually or potentially interbreeding |
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Definition
| in the scientific method, a statement describing an expected observation or the expected outcome of an experiment, assuming that a specific hypothesis is true |
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Definition
| the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to cells of the domains bacteria or archaea. prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus; they also lack other membrane-bound organelles |
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Definition
| the basic unit of taxonomic classification, consisting of a population or group of populations that evolves independently of other populations |
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Term
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Definition
| a rigorous procedure for making observations of specific phenomena and searching for the order underlying those phenomena |
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Definition
| a general explanation of natural phenomena developed through extensive and reproducible observations; more general and reliable than a hypothesis |
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Term
| scientific theory of evolution |
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Definition
| the theory that modern organisms descended, with modifications, from a preexisting life-form |
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Definition
| all the interacting populations within an ecosystem |
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Term
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Definition
| that part of earth inhabited by living organisms; includes both living and nonliving components |
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Definition
| the scientific principle that natural events occur as a result of preceding natural causes |
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Term
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Definition
| the unequal survival and reproduction of organisms with different phenotypes, caused by environmental forces |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance acquired from the environment and needed for the survival, growth, and development of an organism |
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Term
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Definition
| atomic- the central region of an atom, consisting of protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| in the scientific method, a statement that identifies a particular aspect of an observation that a scientist wishes to explain |
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Term
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Definition
| in the scientific method, a supposition based on previous observations that is offered as an explanation for an observed phenomenon and is used as the basis for further observations or experiments |
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Definition
| the maintenance of the relatively constant internal environment that is required for the optimal functioning of cells |
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Definition
| literally "other feeder"; an organism that eats other organisms; a consumer |
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Term
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Definition
| a factor in a scientific experiment that is deliberately manipulated in order to test a hypothesis |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of creating a generalization based on many specific observations that support the generalization coupled with an absence of observations that contradict it |
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Definition
| the complete series of chemical reactions in which the energy of light is used to synthesize high-energy organic molecules, usually carbohydrates, from low-energy inorganic molecules, usually carbon dioxide and water |
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Term
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Definition
| the process of generating hypotheses about the results of a specific experiment or the nature of a specific observation |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of deoxyribose neucleotides; contains the genetic information of all living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| the broadest category for classifying organisms; organisms are classified into 3 domains: bacteria, archaea, and eukarya |
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Definition
| the unit of heredity; a segment of DNA located at a particular place on a chromosome that encodes the information for the amino acid sequence of a protein and, hence, particular traits |
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Term
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Definition
| the second broadest taxonomic category, consisting of related phyla. related kingdoms make up a domain |
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Term
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Definition
| the method of naming organisms by genus and species, often called the scientific name, usually using Latin words or words derived from Latin |
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Definition
| single-celled; most members of the domains bacteria and archaea and the kingdom protista are unicellular |
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Term
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Definition
| many-celled; most members of the kingdoms Fungi, plantae, and animalia are multicellular, with intimate cooperation among cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that cannot be broken down, or converted to a simpler substance by ordinary chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
| the smallest particle of an element that remains the properties of the element |
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Term
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Definition
| central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the total mass of all the protons, neutrons, and electrons within an atom |
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Term
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Definition
| the number of protons in the nucleus of all atoms of a particular element |
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Term
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Definition
| any molecule that reacts with free radicals, neutralizing their ability to damage biological molecule vitamins C and E are examples of dietary antioxidants |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of polar molecules (such as water) to adhere to polar surfaces (such as glass) |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance that releases hydrogen (H+) ions into solution; a solution with a pH less than 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a solution with and H+ concentration exceeding that of OH-; referring to a substance that releases H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms; it bears a unit of positive charge, and has a relatively large mass, roughly equal to the mass of a neutron |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond with unequal sharing of electrons, such that one atom is relatively negative and the other is relatively positive |
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Term
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Definition
| a scale, with values from 0-14 used for measuring the relative acidity of a solution 0-7 is acidic, 7 is neutral, and 7-14 is basic |
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Term
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Definition
| a subatomic particle that is found in the nuclei of atoms, bears no charge, and has a mass approximately equal to a proton |
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Term
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Definition
| a covalent bond with equal sharing of electrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a subatomic particle, found in an electron shell outside the nucleus of an atom, that bars a unit of negative charge and very little mass |
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Term
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Definition
| a region in an atom within which electrons orbit; each shell corresponds to a fixed energy level at a given distance from the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several forms of a single element, the nuclei of which contain the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| a charged atom or molecule; an atom or molecule that has either an excess of electrons (and, hence, is negatively charged) or has lost electrons (and is positively charged) |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical bond formed by the electrical attraction between positively and negatively charged ions |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to an atom with an unstable nucleus that spontaneously disintegrates with the emission of radiaton |
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Term
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Definition
| an attraction between two atoms or molecules that tends to hold them together. types of bonds include covalent, ionic, and hydrogen. |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance whose molecules are formed by different types of atoms; can be broken into its constituent elements by chemical means |
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Term
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Definition
| the process that forms and breaks chemical bonds hat hold atoms together in molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical bond between atoms in which electrons are shared |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency of the molecules of a substance to stick together |
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Term
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Definition
| a particle composed of one or more atoms held together by a chemical bond; the smallest particle of a compound that displays all the properties of that compound |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule containing an atom with an unpaired electron, which makes it highly unstable and reactive with nearby molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the weak attraction between a hydrogen atom that bears a partial positive charge and another atom (oxygen, nitrogen, or flourine) that bears a partially negative charge |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to molecules that dissolve readily in water, or to molecules that form hydrogen bonds with water; polar |
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Term
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Definition
| pertaining to molecules that do not dissolve reading in water or for hydrogen bonds with water; nonpolar |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for hydrophobic molecules to cluster together when immersed in water |
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Term
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Definition
| the energy that must be supplied to a compound to transform it from a liquid into a gas at its boiling temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| the property of a liquid to resist penetration by objects at its interface with the air, due to cohesion between molecules of the liquid |
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Term
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Definition
| a liquid capable of dissolving other substances in itself |
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Term
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Definition
| a solvent containing one or more dissolved substances |
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Term
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Definition
| the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1º C |
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Term
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Definition
| a substance dissolved in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution with H+ ions concentration less than that of OH-; referring to a substance that combines with H+ |
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Term
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Definition
| a solution with a pH greater than 7 |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound that minimizes changes in pH by reversibly taking up or releasing H+ ions |
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Term
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Definition
| describing a molecule that contains both hydrogen and carbon |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid composed of 3 fatty acids, some of which are unsaturated, covalently bonded to a molecule of glycerol; oils are liquid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| describing any molecule that does not contain both carbon and hydrogen |
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Term
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Definition
| one of several groups of atoms commonly found in an organic molecule including hydrogen, hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and phosphate groups that determine the characteristics and chemical reactivity of the molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule composed of a long chain of carbon atoms, with a carboxylic acid group at one end; may be saturated or unsaturated |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid composed of 3 saturated fatty acids covalently bonded to glycerol; fats are solid at room temperature |
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Term
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Definition
| a small organic molecule, several of which may be bonded together to form a chain called a polymer |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic molecular unit of all carbohydrates, normally composed of a chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen and hydroxyl groups |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of 3 or more smaller subunits called monomers |
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Term
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Definition
| a large carbohydrate molecule composed of branched or unbranched chains of repeating monosaccharide subunits, normally glucose or modified glucose molecule; includes starches, cellulose, and glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid consisting of glycerol bonded on two fatty acids, and one phosphate group, which bears another group of atoms, typically charged and containing nitrogen. a double layer of phospholipids is a component of all cellular monomers |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer composed of amino acids joined by peptide bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the covalent bond between the nitrogen of the amino group of one amino acid and the carbon of the carboxyl group of a second amino acid, joining the two amino acids together in a peptide of protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a chain composed of two or more amino acids liked together by peptide bond |
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Term
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Definition
| the amino acid sequence of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a form of secondary structure exhibited by certain proteins, such as silk, in which many protein chains side by side, with hydrogen bonds holding adjacent chains together |
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical reaction in which two molecules are joined by a covalent bond with the stimulus removal of a hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group form the other, forming water; the reverse of hydroses |
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Term
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Definition
| the covalent bond formed between the sulfur atoms of two cysteines in a protein; typically causes the protein to fold by bringing otherwise distant parts of the protein close together |
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Term
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Definition
| having the secondary and/or tertiary structures of a protein disrupted, while leaving the amino acid sequence unchanged. denatured proteins can no longer perform their biological functions |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides; contains the genetic information of all living cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with the approximate chemical formula (CH2O); includes sugars, starches, and cellulose |
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Term
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Definition
| an insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose subunits; forms the cell wall of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| a compound found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of insects and some other anthropods; composed of chains of nitrogen-containing, modified glucose molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| a carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple carbohydrate molecule, either a monosaccharide or a disaccharide |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose |
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Term
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Definition
| a polysaccharide that is composed of branched or unbranched chains of glucose molecules; used by plants as a carbohydrate storage molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a fatty acid with as many hydrogen atoms as possible bonded to the carbon backbone (therefore a saturated fatty acid has no double bonds in its carbon backbone) |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid consisting of four fused carbon rings, with carious functional groups attached |
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Term
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Definition
| a repeated, regular structure assumed by a protein chain, held together by hydrogen bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common monosaccharide, with the molecular formula C6H12O6; most polusaccharides, including cellulose, starch, and glycogen are made of glucose subunits covalently bonded together |
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Term
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Definition
| a highly branched polymer of glucose that is stored by animals in the muscles and liver and metabolized as a source of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| a 3-carbon alcohol to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to make fats and oils |
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Term
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Definition
| a disaccharide composed of glucose and galactose; found in mammalian milk |
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Term
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Definition
| one of a number of organic molecules containing large nonpolar regions composed solely of carbon and hydrogen, which make lipids hydrophobic and insoluble in water; includes oils, fats, waxes, phospholipids, and steroids |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid composed of 3 fatty acid molecules bonded to a single glycerol molecule |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex 3-dimmensional structure of a single peptide chain; held in place by disulfide bonds between cysteines |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to a fatty acid with fewer than the maximum number of hydrogen atoms bonded to its carbon backbone (therefore, an unsaturated fatty acid has one or more double bonds in its carbon backbone) |
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Term
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Definition
| a lipid composed of fatty acids covalently bonded to long-chain alcohols |
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Term
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Definition
| a biological catalyst, usually a protein, that speeds up the rate of specific biological reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| the individual subunit of which proteins are made, composed of a central carbon atom bonded to an amino group (-NH2), a carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a variable group of atoms denoted by the letter "R" |
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Term
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Definition
| a coiled springlike secondary structure of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex 3-dimmensional structure of a protein consisting of more than one peptide chain |
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Term
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Definition
| a subunit of which nucleic acids are composed |
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Term
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Definition
| an organic molecule composed of nucleotide subunits; the 2 common units are RNA and DNA |
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Term
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Definition
(1) a solution with a pH greater than 7
(2) one of the nitrogen containing, single or double ringed structures that distinguishes one structure from another, ex: in DNA- A,G,T, and C |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of ribose nucleotides, each of which consists of a phosphate group, the sugar ribose, and one of the bases adenine, cytosine, uracil, or guanine; involved in converting the information in DNA into protein; also the genetic material of some viruses |
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Term
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Definition
| a scientific theory stating that every living organism is made up of one or more cells |
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Term
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Definition
| all of the material contained within the plasma membrane of a cell, exclusive of the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| a network of protein fivers in the cytoplasm to give shape to a cell, holds and moves organelles, and is typically involved in cell movement |
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Term
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Definition
| the fluid portion of the cytoplasm; also called cytosol |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer surfaces, of plants, fungi, and some protists; relatively stiff coatings |
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Term
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Definition
| in animal cells, a short, barrel shaped ring consisting of 9 microtubule triplets; a pair of centrioles is founded neat the nucleus and may play a role in the organization of the spindle; centrioles also give rise to the basal bodies at the base of each cilium and flagellum that give rise to the microtubules of cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a DNA double helix together with proteins that help to organize and regulate the use of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a fluid filled vacuole in certain protists that takes up water from the cytoplasm, contracts, and expels the water outside the cell through a pore in the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| a large, fluid-filled vacuole occupying most of the volume of many plant cells; performs several functions, including maintaining turgor pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the organelle in plants and plant-like protists that is the site of photosynthesis; surrounded by a double membrane and containing an extensive internal membrane system that bears chlorophyll |
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Term
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Definition
| a pigment found in chloroplasts that captures light energy during photosynthesis; chlorophyll absorbs violet, blue, and red light but reflects green |
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Term
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Definition
| the outer membrane of a cell, composed of a bilayer of phospholipids in which proteins are embedded |
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Term
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Definition
| referring to the cells of the domains Bacteria and Archaea. prokaryotic cells have genetic material that is not enclosed in a membrane-bound nucleus; they also lack other membrane-bound organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| in plant cells, an organelle bounded by two membranes that may be involved in photosynthesis (chloroplasts), pigment storage, and food storage |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of life's 3 domains; consists of prokaryotes that are distantly related to members of the domain archaea |
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Term
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Definition
| a structure derived from a centriole that produces a cilium or flagellum and anchors this structure within the plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| 1 of life's 3 domains; consists of prokaryotes that are only distantly related to members of the domain bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| referring to cells of organisms of the domain eukarya (plants, animals, fungi, and protists). eukaryotic cells have genetic material enclosed within a membrane-bound nucleus and contain other organelles |
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Term
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Definition
| a system of membranous tubes and channels in eukaryotic cells; the site of most protein and lipid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane-enclosed structure found inside a eukaryotic cell that performs a specific function |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells that is composed of the proteins actin and (in some cells) myosin; function in the movement of cell organelles, locomotion by extension of the plasma membrane, and sometimes contractin of entire cells |
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Term
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Definition
| a hollow, cylindrical strand, found in eukaryotic cells that is composed of the protein tubulin; part of the cytoskeleton used in the movement of organelles, cell growth, and the construction of cilia and flagella |
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Term
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Definition
| an organelle, bounded by two membranes, that is the site of the reactions of aerobic metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
| part of the cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells that is composed of several types of proteins and probably functions mainly for support |
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Term
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Definition
| the membrane-bound organelle of eukaryotic cells that contains the cell's genetic material |
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Term
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Definition
| the double-membrane system surrounding the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; the outer membrane is typically continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| an array of proteins that line pores in the nuclear membrane and control which substances enter and leave the nucleus |
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Term
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Definition
| the region of the eukaryotic nucleus that is engaged in ribosome synthesis; consists of the genes encoding ribosomal RNA, newly syntehsized ribosomal RNA, and ribosomal proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| the location of the genetic material in prokaryotic cells; non membrane enclosed |
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Term
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Definition
| a long, hair-like, motile extension of the plasma membrane; in eukaryotic cells it contains microtubules arranged in 9+2 pattern. the movement of flagella propel some cells through fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| a membranous sac, within a single cell, in which food in enclosed. digestive enzymes are released into the vacuole, where intracellular digestion occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| a small, membrane-bound sac within the cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
| a vesicle that is typically large and consists of a single membrane enclosing a fluid filled space |
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Term
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Definition
| a stack of membranous sacs, found in most eukaryotic cells, that is the site of processing and separation of membrane components and secretory materials |
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Term
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Definition
| a membrane-bound organelle containing intracellular digestive enzymes |
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