-usually work for universities/hospitals/clinics

-produce research on behavior

-corporations/hospitals/clinics

-practical problem solving

-provide services to public

broad statement about how the world works (ideas)

can be very simple or complicated (ex-evolution)

the dependent variable- accidents

independent variable- speed and weather conditions

a testable prediction between two or more IV's and a DV derived from a theory

-specific to given situation or experiment

-'educated guess' means come from a theory

a number between -1 and +1 that describes strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

-two signs- pos, and neg

-two parts- a sign (- or +) and a number

positive corr- height and weight

neg corr- drug use goes up, grades go down

0= no relationship, 1= perfectly correlated

.6 and up -- strong

.3 to .6 -- moderate

up to .3 -- weak

-theory

-sample from population

-random assignment

Ethics and Experiments

(4 answers, and descriptions)

informed- participants must get info, and be able to refuse to participate

minimal risk- should not be in any greater risk than those encountered in everyday life

debriefing- should be told purpose after it ends

IRB- (insitutional review board)- reviews all projects before starting for ethics and appropriateness, and consists of scientists and members of public

Why a big brain?

*they need a lot of energy to build/run

but what are 4 other reasons?

1. control and regulate bio functions

2. handle sensory information

3. control animal action (plants, cockroaches)

4. learning. primary function.

What's in the brain?

*4 things

1.nuerons- cells that send and receive info. (about 100-200 billion)

2. blood vessels - carry nutrients

3. glial cells - provide structure and nutrition

4. myelin- fatty cells around axons

a motor nueron is used to send info from brain to muscles. unlike others, it has dendrites (receiving part)

sending messages in the brain

action potential? nuerotransmitters?

action potential- (fast as light) in the cell (electrical)

nuerotransmitters- (very slow) between cells (chemical)

*nuerons are both electrical and chemical

mimics and therefore blocks seratonin

(which is important all over cortex)

alcohol

*4 things

-affects many different nuerotransmitters

-some are produced more but some less

-also produces endorphins

-abuse can damage your brain

nuerostransmitters

*can be affected by chemicals

*can cause various disorders

-biggest on humans

-motor cortext

(planning and control)

parietal lobe?

*3 things

temporal lobe?

*3 things

how many cortex's do humans have?

what are they called?

what are the functions of the brain stem?

*3 things

-controlling movements

-control many involuntary processes

(breathe, pump blood, poop)

-sleep and arousal

-reads electrical impulses through the skull

(know WHEN things happen, not WHERE)

-uses big magnets to detect oxygen in the head

(knows WHERE, not WHEN)

-

true or false?

both genes and other environment shape our brain functioning

sensation?

perception?

-sensation is encoding into nervous system

-perception is understanding whats sensed

*looking at something is sensing it, knowing its an apple is perceiving it

what are the parts of the eye?

*4 things

pupil- shutter that controls light intake

 lens- changes shape to let us focus

retina- where we detect light and preprocess it for brain

fovea- center of retina

what are cones jobs?

rods?

cones- color

rods- adapted for dim light

fovea

*no colors at edge of vision or night

how is colorblindness detected?

what are the two colors that are the same?

most common type?

which sex is most common in?

Ishihara test

green and red

type 1

men

true or false?

there are no such things as "sight rays", just "light rays"

Clue 1- size of image on retina

Clue 2- retinal disparity "difference"

Clue 3- Motion Parallex - far away things move by slower than nearby things

left skewed?

right skewed?

left skewed means very low scores

right skewed means unusually high scores