Term
| General Characteristics of Animal |
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Definition
| Multicellular, ECM, specialized cells, Intercellular junctions |
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Term
| What are the Intercellular junctions? |
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Definition
Tight: Prevent fluids from going across cells
Gap: allows ions and smaller molec.
Desmosome: connected to cytoskeleton in both cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Mostly sexually, some asexual |
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Term
| Animal Development stages? |
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Definition
| One cell divides to- Blastula then gastrulates to- Gastrula |
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Term
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Definition
| Hollow ball of cells. Stage of animal development |
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Term
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Definition
| When a Blastula is gastrulated, it gets one side pushed inside itself like pushing in a tennis ball. |
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Term
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Definition
Blastopore: Opening where gastrulation occurred
Endoderm: Inside cells
Ectoderm: Outside cells
Blastocoel: Fluid filled cavity of Blastula(shrunken)
Archenteron: New center of Gastrula |
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Term
| Developmental genes well ______ throughout the kingdom. |
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Definition
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Term
| Morphological forms evolve from variations of ___ & ___ of developmental gene expression. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Protostomes and Deuterostomes? |
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Definition
References fate of Blastula/Gastrula
Protostome: First Blastopore is mouth
Deuterostome: First Blastopore isn't a mouth |
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Term
| What is the Cleavage like on Protostomes and Deuterostomes? |
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Definition
Protostome: Spiraled and Determinate(offset tennis balls)
Deuterostome: Radial and indeterminate (stacked Tennis balls) |
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Term
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Definition
| A body cavity that forms within the gastrula |
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Term
| How is coelom formed in protostome and deuterostome |
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Definition
Protostome: Solid mass of Mesoderm forms then splits for cavity on either side of blastopore
Deuterostome: folds of the Archenteron pinch off and form cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Radial: from center
Bilateral: one symmetry line |
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Term
Dorsal:
Ventral:
Anterior:
Posterior: |
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Definition
Top(our backs)
Bottom(our chests)
Front
Back |
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Term
| What are the tissues of animals? |
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Definition
Diploblast: Ectoderm and Endoderm
Triploblast: Extra addition of Mesoderm |
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Term
| What are the types of Coelomates? |
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Definition
Coelomate: Mesoderm lines ectoderm and interior organs(from endoderm)
Pseudocoelomate: Mesoderm only lines Ectoderm(Skin not organs)
Acoelomates: No Coelom cavity, just tissue |
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Term
1st level of Animals:
Breaks into: |
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Definition
Metazoa
Porifera & Eumetazoa |
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Term
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Definition
| Ctenophora, Cnidaria, Bilateria |
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Term
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Definition
| Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, Ecdysozoa |
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Term
| Deuterostomia breaks into: |
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Definition
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Term
| Lophotrochozoa breaks into: |
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Definition
| Platyhelminthes, Rotifera, Ectoprocta, Brachiopoda, Mollusca, Annelida |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Metazoans |
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Definition
| Multicellular, Eukaryotic |
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Term
| Physical Characteristics of Porifera: |
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Definition
Pores
Spongocoel: Cavity where water goes into through pores
Choanocytes: Flagellated cells that create current
Ameobocytes: Transport nutrients, make material for skeletal fibers, or any other cell job
Osculum: Opening that lets water out |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Porifera: |
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Definition
Suspension Feeders(sponges)
2 cell layers
Sequential Hermaphrodites
Dev: Flagellated dispersal then sessile |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Cnidaria: |
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Definition
Eumetazoa
Jellyfish, Hydras, Corals
Carnivores,
Tentacles w/Cnidocytes: Sticky Fibers on Tentacles
nematocysts: Fire spear gun
Radial Symmetry, gastrovascular cavity
Polyp(Cylinder sticks to rocks) or Medusae: Body like Jellyfish
DIPLOBLASTIC
Asexual w budding or sexual w medusa forming gametes |
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Term
| Classes of Phylum Cnidaria |
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Definition
Hydrozoa- Hydra, alternate body forms
Scyphozoa- Jellyfish, Medusae
Cubozoa- Box shaped Medusae, toxic cnidocytes
Anthozoa- Sea anemones, polyp |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Lophotrochozoa |
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Definition
part of Bilateria and Eumetazoa
Have
Lophophore: crown of ciliated tentacles
Trocophore Larval Stage
Bilateral Symmetry, Triploblastic and mostly coelomates |
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Term
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Definition
Platyhelminthes: flatworms
Rotifer
Lophophorates: Ectoprocta, and Brachiopoda
Mollusca: snails and clams
Annelida: Worms |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Platyhelminthes: |
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Definition
Lophotrocozoa, Acoelomate, very flat dorsal-ventral, Use diffusion which limits size to 1mm
Gastrovascular Cavity has branches
Free living or Parasites
Reproduce sexually and asexually parasites need 2 hosts
Planaria: Eyespots |
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Term
| Tapeworms specifically have _____ & ________. |
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Definition
Scolex(suckered hooks that attach to intestinal wall)
Proglottids(Sections after the scolex, sacs of eggs and detatchable) |
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Term
| Classes of Platyhelminthes |
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Definition
Turbellaria: Dugesia
Monogenea: Only need 1 host
Trematoda: Flukes 2 hosts
Cestoda: Tapeworms |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Rotifer |
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Definition
Pseudocoelomate
Alimentary canal: Mouth and anus
"Wheel Bearer" crown of cilia brings in food
Suspension feeders
Parthenogenisis: female eggs don't need sperm |
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Term
What are the Lophophorates:
General Characteristics |
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Definition
Phyla Ectoprocta and Brachiopoda
True coelomates
U-shaped Alimentary canal
Lophophore
Suspension Feeders
Ecto EX: bryozoans, colonial reef builders
Brachio EX: Lamp Shells |
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Term
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Definition
Polyplacophora: many plates
Gastropoda: Stomach foot
Bivalvia: Clam, mussels
Cephalopoda: Head Foot (Squid) |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Mollusca: |
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Definition
True coelomate
Foot: Muscular movement
Visceral Mass: Contains internal organs
Mantle: Tissue That secretes the Shell
Radula: Tongue with teeth, scrapes food
Trocophore
Mostly separate sexes, some hermaphrodites |
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Term
| Class Polyplacophora Traits |
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
The Chitons
herbivores
Radula
very strong grasp of foot to surface
"Many plates" |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
"Stomach foot"
Shells, Head with Eyes, Radula, Foot
No shell: slugs
Simple Shell: Limpet, Herbivore
Coiled Shell: Snail Herb or Carn |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
suspension feeders
2 part shells
NO head or radula |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Mollusca
Head foot: Squid octopus cuttlefish
carnivores w/tentacles and beak-like jaws
Well developed sensory organs and brain
closed Circulatory system |
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Term
| Classes of Phylum Annelida |
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Definition
Oligochaeta(few hairs, earthworms)
Polychaeta( Many Bristles, tube dwellers) |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Annelida |
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Definition
Lophotrocozoa
Coelomate
Segmented
Organs |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Few hairs, earthworms and leeches
Chaetae: chitin bristles
Alimentary Canal
Leeches: no Chaetae, make Hirudin(prevents coagulation) |
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Term
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Definition
Phylum Annelida
Parapodia: Ridges or paddles used for moving w/chaetae
Tube Dwellers or free living |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Ecdysozoa |
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Definition
Bilateria
Protostomes
Named for Molting Cuticle or Exoskeleton (Ecdysis) |
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Term
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Definition
Nematoda: round worms
Arthropoda: Jointed feet |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Nematoda |
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Definition
Ecdysozoa
Pseudocoelomate
Alimentary Canal
Cuticle
Free living or Parasites
Mainly Sexual Reproduction |
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Term
| Examples of Phylum Nematoda |
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Definition
Caenohabditis elegans: Helped with programmed cell death=Apoptosis, and RNA Interference( does not Translate)
Trichinella spiralis: causes trichinosis, hatch in intestine and burrow into other tissues |
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Term
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Definition
Cheliceriforms: arachnids and horseshoe crab
Myriapoda: Millipedes and Centipedes
Hexapoda: Insects
Crustacea: Lobster, crab, shrimp |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Arthropoda: |
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Definition
Coelomates, Segmented, Jointed appendages, Open Circulatory system w/hemolymph(blood)
Gas exchange organs(Gills, tracheal system) based on diffusion
Booklungs are stacked thin layers for gas exchange
Hard Exoskeleton: Chitin, Protection, Prevent desiccation, hard and flexible, and support muscles |
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Term
| Characteristics of the Subphyla Cheliceriformes: |
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Definition
Phylum Arthropoda
Horseshoe Crabs and Arachnids
Chelicerae- lip arm, claw-like feeding appendages
2 Body Parts: Cephalothorax, abdomen
6 pairs of appendages: 4p of legs, 1p of chelicerae, 1p of Pedipalps(for feeding, sensing, or reproduction)
Single Lens eyes: 2-8 eyes
Booklungs for spiders |
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Term
| Characteristics of the subphyla Myriapoda: |
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Definition
Phylum Arthropoda
Millipedes and centipedes, all terrestrial
Appendages: Antennae, Mandibles, many legs
Milli=Herbivore
Centi=Carnivore |
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Term
| Characteristics of Subphyla Hexapoda: |
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Definition
Phylum Arthropoda
Insects
3 body regions: head, thorax, and abdomen
Appendages: WINGS, Antennae, 3p of legs, and specialized mouthparts
Compound Eyes |
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Term
| Characteristics of Subphyla Crustacea: |
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Definition
Phylum Arthropoda
Lobster, Crab, Shrimp
Aquatic, 2-3 body parts
Appendages: 2p of Antennae, 3 or more chewing mouthparts, 3p or more legs, specialized parts for swimming and copulation
compound eyes
Gills
Cuticle/exoskeleton w/CaCO3
Sexual reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
Echinodermata: Spiny Skin
Chordata |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata |
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Definition
Deuterostomia
Slow or sessile, Endoskeleton of calcified plates
Water Vascular System: Used for moving feeding and gas exchange, Ring canal and 5 radial Canals
Tube Feet: Ampulla and sucker podium, and madreporite(water flows in and out of the system
Nervous System: nerve ring and cords
Larva: Bilateral symmetry, Adult: Imperfect Radial( but really bilateral)
Reproduce by releasing sex specific gametes into the water |
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Term
| Classes of Phylum Echinodermata |
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Definition
Asteroides: Sea Star
Ophiuroidea: Brittle Star
Echinoidea: Sea Urchin
Crinoidea: Feather Star
Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumber |
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Term
| Examples of the Phylum Echinodermata |
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Definition
Sea Urchin
Experimental model for developmental biology, edible Gonads |
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Term
| Subphyla of Phylum Chordata |
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Definition
Cephalochordata: Lancelets AKA Amphioxus
Urochorcata: Tunicats or Sea Squirts
Vertebrata |
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Term
| General Characteristics of Phylum Chordata |
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Definition
Deuterostomia
notochord: (Mesoderm) firm, flexible, rod shaped, and provides support
Pharyngeal Slits: Invert=filter feeding, Verte=Gills, Tetra=ear, head, or neck
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord: central nervous system
post-anal tail |
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Term
| Characteristics of Subphyla Cephalochordata |
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Definition
Phylum Chordata
Lancelets: Larval and adult stages have chordate characteristics, Develop Somite= Form muscles, vertebrae, ribs, back muscles |
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Term
| Characteristics of Subphyla Urochordata: |
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Definition
Phylum Chordata
Tunicates or Sea Squirts
Larval stage has chordate characteristics, Adult is Sessile |
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Term
| Subphyla Vertebrata belongs to: |
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Definition
Phylum Chordata
Deuterostomia
Bilateria |
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Term
| Characteristics of Craniates |
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Definition
Head with sensory organs, brain, all encased in a skull, allows for predation
Neural Crest Cells: Cells from near the neural tube migrate and make teeth, bones, and cartilage of skulls
Higher Metabolic rate, 2 chambered heart, Hemoglobin, Kidneys, Pharyngeal slits become respiratory gills |
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Term
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Definition
| Class Myxini: Hagfish, Cartilage Skull, no Jaws, No Vertebrae |
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Term
| Characteristics of Vertebrates |
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Definition
More extensive skull
Vertebrae and internal skeleton
Paired Muscle masses
Central nervous system
Heart w/2 or more chambers |
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Term
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Definition
Class Petromyzontida: Lampreys( Jawless Fishes)
No Jaws
Laval stage looks like cephalochordate
Adults Retain notochord |
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Term
| Characteristics of Gnathostome: |
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Definition
Jawed Mouth
Jaws: Hinged mouth, Gripping
Supports evolution from pharyngeal slits
additional duplications of HOX |
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Term
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Definition
Sharks, Rays, Ratfishes (class Chondrichthyes)
Cartilage skeleton
Cloaca: Common chamber for reproductive, excretory, and digestive to exit the body
Ray fin and Lobe fin fishes (Osteichthyes): Bony skeleton, Rod Shaped bones in fins, some have lungs |
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Term
| Characteristics of Tetrapods |
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Definition
Four Feet or limbs
head is separated from body with neck
Pharyngeal slits: evolve into, ears to detect sounds, gland, or other parts |
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Term
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Definition
Tiktaalik
A transition fish from water to land with similar bone structure to ours |
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Term
| Characteristics of Amphibia |
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Definition
Amphibians-need water to reproduce
Salamanders, Frogs, Caecilians,
Gas exchange via lungs and skin
Good at detecting Environmental indicators |
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Term
| Characteristics of Amniotes |
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Definition
Include: Reptiles, Birds, and Mammals
Amniotic egg- no water is needed
4 extra embryonic membranes:
Amnion= Surrounds embryo, allows for not needing water
Chorion= Gas Exchange
Allantois= Segregates waste
Yolk Sac= Provides nutrition for embryo
Shell protects embryo |
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Term
| Characteristics of Class Reptilia |
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Definition
Amniote
Tuatara, squamates, turtles, crocodilians, and birds
Leathery shelled eggs
Ectothermic(except birds) |
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Term
| Characteristics of class Aves |
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Definition
Large brain:body size
Pneumatic skeleton
no teeth
4 chambered heart
Air sacs for efficient respiration
Endothermic
Feathers AREN'T derived |
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Term
| Characteristics of Class Mammalia |
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Definition
Hair
Mammary glands
Endothermic
4 chambered heart
Diaphragm |
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Term
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Definition
Order Monotremata: Egg birth
Order Marsupialia: Pouch birth
Order Eutherians: Placental Birth |
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