columns 1A - 2A (2 groups)

columns 3A - 8A

Very predicable behavior

3B - 2B (8 groups, 10 columns)

Variable chemical properties

Left side of the zigzag line in the periodic table (except for hydrogen)

Hard, solide, malleable(except Hg, which is liquid)

Conducts electricity, not brittle

Right side of the zigzag line in the periodic table

Gases

Not malleable or brittle

Insulators of electricity

Tend to lie along the zigzag line in the periodic table

Properties of metals and nonmetals

column 1A

Form an alkali solution when combined with water (+1 cations when in water)

column 2A

+2 cations with water

Most insoluable in water

Independent of sample size

Temperature

Melting Point

Density

Dependent on sample size

Length

Volume

Amount of matter in an object

All matter has this

Measures the force with which gravity pulls on an object

How close to the true value a given measurement is

Single measurement: percent error

Series of measurements: average

How well a number of independent measurements agree with each other.

Characterized by the standard deviation.

the number of meaningful digits in a measured or calculated quantity. They come from uncertainty in any measurement

Generally the last digit in a reported measurement is uncertain

Exact numbers and relationships (7 days in a week, 30 students in a class) effectively have an infinite number of this

Significant figures

Mass is neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions

Atoms do nto mutate in reactions

Differenct samples of a pure chemical substance always contain the same proportion of elements by mass

A pure substane will always have the same type and mass of atoms

Matter is made up of atoms, atoms combine in whole numbers, in reactions, atoms rearrange

Each element is characterized by the mass of its atoms. Atoms of the same element have the same mass, but atoms of different elements have different masses

Chemical combination of elements to make different substances occurs when atoms join together in small whole-number ratios

Chemical reactions only rearrange the way that atoms are combined, the atoms themselves don't change

Rutherford bombarded gold foil with alpha particles.  Although most of the alpha particles passed through the foil undeflected, approximately 1 in every 20,000 particles were deflected.  A fraction of those particles were deflectedc back at an extreme angle.

He proposed that the atom must consist mainly of empty space with the mass concentrated in a tiny central core.

His experiment showed that the mass of the atom is found in the

The mass of an atom is in the nucleus

The proton and neutrons have equal mass

The electron is negative

The proton is positive

A class of compounds

Positive and negative atoms associate to form a neutral salt

Form when metals give up electrons to nonmetals

The metal cation is positive and the nonmetal anion is negative

Class of compounds

____ release protons (H+) and ____ release hydroxide (OH-)

Compounds that are easiest to name

Identify the metal cation and its charge for the main group

1A to 3A the cation charge is the group number

Identify the nonmetal anion

The charge for atoms from 5A to 7A is group number -8

Take the root of the nonmetal name and ide

The salt is the cation name plus the anion name

Fro molecular compounds, the number of each atom type must be given

Use prefixes mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, etc.

The first element listed is more cation like and takes the name of the element

The second element listed is more anion like and takes the name of the element with an ide modification to the ending

Named after the anion

ite to ous

ate to ic

When hydrogen is listed first

Neutral

The correct number of hydrogens (+) have to be added to make it neutral

The number of moles of a substance dissolved in each liter of solution. 

(moles of solute)/(liters of solution)

Concentrated solution + solvent = _____

MiVi = MfVf

Expressed by identifying the elements present and giving the mass percent of each

(mass atom X)/(formula mass)*100