Term
|
Definition
| the science of life, a natural science |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| organisms, members of a population |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| body of info/list of facts |
|
|
Term
| what is the scientific method? |
|
Definition
| observe, hypothesis, predict, experiment, conclusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes a hypothesis scientific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what must a prediction be? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a hypothesis that has been repeatedly tested and supported (theory of evolution, cell theory) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a theory that has been repeatedly tested and supported (law of gravity) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
compare patterns of similarity
EX: seals are more closely related to dogs than to cats |
|
|
Term
| what are cells composed of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| many biological processes are..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are some examples of chemical reactions? |
|
Definition
| metabolism, growth, photosynthesis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many different naturally ocurring atoms are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does an atom consist of? |
|
Definition
| nucleus and electrons (-) |
|
|
Term
| what does the nucleus consist of? |
|
Definition
| protons (+) and neutrons (0) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - charge, rotate around nucleus in "shells" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| number of protons + number of neutrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atoms of one type with different mass numbers |
|
|
Term
| what is an example of an isotope |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is a stable isotope? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is an unstable isotope? |
|
Definition
| emit particles and energy, aka radioactive isotopes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| when do we use radioactive isotopes? |
|
Definition
| medical and radiometric dating |
|
|
Term
| what atoms make of 95% of living material? |
|
Definition
| carbon (C), oxygen (O), hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N) |
|
|
Term
| what makes up the other 5% of living material? |
|
Definition
| 30 different kinds of atoms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| atoms combined with other atoms |
|
|
Term
| what are the two kinds of molecules? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more atoms of the same kind |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 2 or more atoms of different kinds |
|
|
Term
| what does an electron determine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are electron shells set up? |
|
Definition
| 2 in innermost shell, second and third shells filled with 8 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ability of an atom to bond with other atoms, determind by atom's electron configuration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| filled outer shell electron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 types of chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
| ionic, covalent, and hydrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| losing or gaining electrons, strong bonds for dry solids (salt), weak bonds in water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of covalent bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| equal sharing of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| unequal sharing of electrons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| bonding between polar molecules (water, H20), formed between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms of one molecule and slightly negatively charged oxygen of another |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does hydrogen bonding do to water |
|
Definition
| gives it high specific hear, ice is less dense than water, it is a good solvent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
less than 7 pH
have more H+ ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
greater than 7 pH
have more OH- ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| measures strength of acids and bases, ranges from 0-14 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is pH balance maintained? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules that maintain proper pH, pick up and release h+ions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| large molecules made of smaller subunits |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 major groups of macromolecules |
|
Definition
| carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain C,H, and O atoms
various types |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of carb
simple sugar
EX: glucose (food molecule), fructose (fruit sugar) and galactose, and isomers (all three) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of carb
2 monosaccharides linked together
EX: sucrose (table sugar: fructose + glucose), maltose (malt sugar: glucose + glucose) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
complex carb
many monosaccharides linked together |
|
|
Term
| polysaccharides as storage |
|
Definition
starch in plants
glycogen in animals |
|
|
Term
| polysaccharides as structure |
|
Definition
cellulose in plants (makes them rigid)
wood
fiber
chitin in animals (exoskeletons: shell on a lobster) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka fats
energy storage
3 carbon glycerol molecule
3 fatty acid molecules
contain C, H, O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one fatty acid replaced with a PO3
major component of cell membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heads extend toward the water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tais directed away from water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
type of lipid
cholesterol
hormones for growth and reproduction (estrogen and testosterone) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enzymes
structure and support
transport
energy source as last resort |
|
|
Term
| protein macromolecules composed of...? |
|
Definition
| subunit called amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contain C, H, O, and N, some contain S |
|
|
Term
| how many different amino acids are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| links together amino acids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chain of many amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
one or more polypeptides
EX: insulin and hemoglobin |
|
|
Term
| protein function is related to..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what determines protein structure? |
|
Definition
| numbers and kinds of amino acids in the protein |
|
|
Term
| primary structure in protein |
|
Definition
| linear sequence of amino acids |
|
|
Term
| secondary structure in protein |
|
Definition
| corkscrew like twists, looks like a coil or spring |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
changes in protein structure due to environmental factors
EX: changes in pH, heat, radiation, chemicals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain info
chains of subunits called nucleotides |
|
|
Term
| what are the most important nucleic acids? |
|
Definition
DNA (genetic material)
RNA (protein synthesis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
5 carbon sugar (ribose)
phosphate group
nitrogenous base |
|
|
Term
| what are nucleic acid chains formed with? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what forms double helix in DNA |
|
Definition
| hydrogen bonding between bases on opposit chains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
domains bacteria and archaea
appeared 3.5 billion years ago
simple and small |
|
|
Term
| prokaryotic cells structural features |
|
Definition
DNA (one or more circular loops)
ribosomes (protein synthesis)
plasma
cell wall
pili
flagellum
cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
encloses cell contents: DNA, ribosomes, and cytoplasm
found in prokaryotes and eukaryotes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| jelly like fluid inside cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| granular bodies in cytoplasm that convert genetic info into protein structure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| protects and gives shape to the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hair like projections that help cells attach to other surfaces |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whip-like projections that aids in cellular movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
appeared about 1.5 billion years ago
fungi, plants and animals
contain nucleus and organelles with own membranes |
|
|
Term
| what are the two processes proposed for the origin of eukaryotic cells |
|
Definition
| invagination and endosymbiosis |
|
|
Term
| what is the structure of a plasma membrane |
|
Definition
| phospholipid bilayer embedded with proteins, carbs and lipids |
|
|
Term
| what are the functions of membrane proteins |
|
Definition
transport
receptor of chemical messages
enzymes
recognition by other cells "fingerprints" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two transport processes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| passive transport process |
|
Definition
| require no energy expenditure, molecules move down their concentration gradients |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration
solutes and solvents |
|
|
Term
| what are the two forms of diffusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| solute (food coloring) is dropped into solvent (water), food color molecules move about randomly bumping into each other which causes them to end up evenly distributed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules pass directly through the plasma membrane without the assistance of another molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| molecules move across the plasma membrane with the help of a carrier molecule |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| diffusion of water across a plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| what is the highest concentration of water in osmosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does adding a solute do during osmosis |
|
Definition
| reduces concentration of water |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| concentration gradient across plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
| where can a cell find itself with repect to osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
| hypertonic solution, hypotonic solution, isotonic solution |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a situation of osmotic pressure
more solute outside
water diffuses out of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a situation of osmotic pressure
less solute outside
water diffuses into cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a situation of osmotic pressure
solute balance
water movement is balanced |
|
|
Term
| endocytosis and exocytosis |
|
Definition
| movement of large molecules and particles, require energy, vesicles |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of endocytosis |
|
Definition
| phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of endocytosis
cell eating |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a type of endocytosis
cell drinking |
|
|
Term
| receptor mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
a type of endocytosis
cells engulf specific particles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
requires ATP
vesicles moved out through plasma membrane (cells used in another location)
pancreas cells and insulin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic unit is microtubule
provides shape and support
enables movement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| made up of a protein called tubulin, found in cytoskeleton |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| whip like motions can move cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| can move fluid past cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
powerhouse of the cell
cite of cellular respiration
double membrane
harvest energy for cellular functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
vesicles of powerful digestive enzymes, digestion of food material, recycling of damaged organelles
like a floating garbage disposal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
many ribosomes
modifies proteins to be shipped to other locations of cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no ribosomes
steroid synthesis
detoxification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
stack of flattened, connected sacs
modification and re-packaging of ER lipids and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found only in plants
provides structural strength and protection
layer outside plasma membrane
rigid, contains cellulose |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, membrane bound sacs
storage of food and water
accumulates poisonous materials
contains pigments that attract birds and insects that help plant reproduce |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
found only in plant cells
site of photosynthesis
double membrane
thylakoid membrainds
filled with fluid called stroma |
|
|
Term
| what are the two major energy processes in cells called? |
|
Definition
| photosynthesis and cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
heat or anything that can be turned into hear
measured in calories |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| heat needed to rais 1 gram of water from 14.5 degrees C to 15.5 degrees C |
|
|
Term
| 1st law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| energy cannot be created, it can only change form |
|
|
Term
| 2nd law of thermodynamics |
|
Definition
| changing the form of energy is not 100% efficient, some energy is always lost as heat |
|
|
Term
| what is required to form chemical bonds? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chemical bonds contain energy that can be released when they are..? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sunlight energy converted to chemical energy (sugar)
only green plants and algae and some bacteria are photosynthetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| energy stored in chemical bonds of food molecules released for use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
adenosine triphosphate
energy currency of cell (biologically usable)
nucleotide
converted to ADP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| high energy phosphate bond is broken, ATP broken down into ADP and P, energy released is used by cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
membranes containing chlorophyll
site of photo reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
thick fluid inside chloroplast
site of sugar synthesis |
|
|
Term
| ingredients of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| products of photosynthesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the separate sets of reactions in photosynthesis? |
|
Definition
| photo reactions and synthesis reactions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
light dependent
sunlight energy captured by chlorophyll in thylakoids
water split and O2 released
sunlight energy stored in ATP and NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
aka calvin cycle
light independent
carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere, rearranged into G3P |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chlorophyll molecules occur in clusteres |
|
|
Term
| NADPH producing photosystem |
|
Definition
electrons excited by sunlight energy
light excited electrons used to make NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
glucose precursor
used as food for respiration
used in polysaccharides |
|
|
Term
| how much sunlight is used in photosynthesis |
|
Definition
| 1% of what is hitting the plant |
|
|
Term
| photosynthesis has ___% efficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| takes 18 ATP and 12 NADPH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| use of other energy sources besides sunlight |
|
|
Term
| how do organisms obtain food? |
|
Definition
| autotrophs and heterotrophs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| plants like sunflowers, make their own energy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| animals and insects, must obtain food/energy from environment |
|
|
Term
| what are the inputs of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the outputs of cellular respiration |
|
Definition
| carbon dioxide, water and ATP |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in mitochondria of eukaryotes
oxygen must be present |
|
|
Term
| in cellular respiration, what does 1 glucose equal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in cellular respiration, how much energy in glucose molecule ends up in ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 distinct processes of aerobic respiration? |
|
Definition
glycolysis
acetyl
krebs cycle
electron transport phophorylation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
splitting of sugar
put glucose molecule in prokaryotes
occurs in cytoplasm
net gain of 2 ATP
H+ and electrons released are picked up by NAD+ which becomes NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occurs in mitochondria
each pyruvate from glycolysis is converted to acetyl- CoA (C2)
1 carbon/pyruvate lost as CO2
1 NAD+ converted to 1 NADH |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetyl CoA (C2) joins with a C4 to form a C6
remaining C atoms released as CO2
2 more ATP's generated
NADH and FADH2 produced |
|
|
Term
| at the end of the Krebs cycle, where are we? |
|
Definition
all 6 C atoms released as CO2
4 ATP generated
NADH and FADH2 produced |
|
|
Term
| electron transfer (oxidative phophorylation) |
|
Definition
| where we get our 32 more ATP to get to 36 during cellular respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
in mitochondria
consists of cytochromes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
O2 picks up H+ and electrons
some animals can survive solely on this |
|
|
Term
| aerobic respiration can use what other foods besides glucose? |
|
Definition
| polysaccharides, fats, and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
no oxygen
=fermentation only 6% as efficient as aerobic respiration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does exertion without enough oxygen lead to? |
|
Definition
| burning cramps in animals and alcohol in yeast |
|
|
