Term
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Definition
| cell -- tissue -- organ -- organ system -- organism |
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Term
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Definition
ectoderm: outer layer; epidermis of skin, hair and nails
mesoderm: middle layer; dermis of skin, cardiovascular
endoderm: inner layer; lining of digestive & resp. tract |
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Term
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Definition
adhering: holds cells in place
tight: bar free passage
gap: rapid communication |
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Term
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Definition
negative feedback: thermostat control
positive feedback: birth
feedforward: body predicts future events and plans accordingly |
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Term
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Definition
output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of a system
keeps system stable |
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Term
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Definition
| reaction to an internal or external impulse, which is sent to the brain to be interpreted |
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Term
| Locations of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
covers body surfaces
lines body cavities
forms glands
lining of the lungs, blood vessels, kidneys, tubules, small intestine, oviducts, trachea, nose, mouth, esophagus, anal canal and vagina |
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Term
| Types of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
simple squamous: flat
simple cuboidal: cubes
simple columnar: rectangles
psuedostratified: irregular shapes
stratified squamous: multiple layers of flat cells |
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Term
| Functions of Epithelial Tissue |
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Definition
protection
secretion
absorption
excretion
filtration |
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Term
| Connective Tissue Components |
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Definition
specialized cells
ground substance
protein fibers |
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Term
| Types of Connective Tissue |
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Definition
FIBROSE CONNECTIVE
loose fibrose
adipose
dense fibrose
SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE
cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage)
bone (compact, spongy)
FLUID CONNECTIVE
blood (RBC, WBC, platelets)
lymph |
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Term
| Examples of Dense Connective |
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Definition
IRREGULAR
dermis of skin
REGULAR
tendons
ligaments |
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Term
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Definition
hard matrix of inorganic salts deposited around protein fibers
compact: makes up shaft of long bone
spongy: makes of ends of long bone |
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Term
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Definition
integumentary: skin
nervous: electrical signals through body
endocrine: chemical messages through body
skeletal: support
muscular: movement
circulatory/cardiovascular: transports nutrients, etc.
lymphatic: transports lymph
immune: destroys and removes invaders
respiratory: gas exchange
digestive: breakdown and absorption of nutrients
urinary: excretes waste
reproductive: produce offspring |
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Term
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Definition
cranial -- caudal
ventral -- dorsal
distal -- proximal |
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Term
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Definition
| right ventricle (O2 poor) -- pulmonary artery -- lungs -- pulmonary vein (O2 rich) -- left atrium -- left ventricle -- aorta -- arteries -- arterioles -- capillaries -- venules (O2 poor) -- veins -- vena cava -- right atrium |
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Term
| Vessels and Vales of Heart |
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Definition
left subclavian artery
left common carotid artery
brachiocephalic artery
superior vena cava
aorta
pulmonary trunk
left pulmonary artery
right pulmonary artery
right and left pulmonary veins
semilunar valve
bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve |
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Term
| Characteristics of Heart Muscle |
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Definition
involuntary striated muscle
found in walls and foundation of heart
cells that comprise it are myocardiocyteal muscle cells
coordinated contractions pump blood out of heart |
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Term
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Definition
rhythmic contraction of heart is due to cardiac conduction
contracts 70x/min
sinoatrial node initiates heartbeat sending out an excitatory impulse causing the atria to contract (pacemaker) |
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Term
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Definition
aorta contracts, ventricle relaxes and fills with blood
ventricle contracts and blood pumps into pulmonary trunk and aorta
when heart relaxes, atria and ventricle fill with blood |
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Term
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Definition
systole: contraction of heart chambers
diastole: relaxation of chambers |
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Term
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Definition
production maintenance and distribution of lymphocytes
helps defend body against disease |
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Term
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Definition
red bone marrow: origin for blood cells
thymus gland: aids in maturation of T lymphocytes
spleen: cleanses blood
lymph nodes: filters and excretes lymph
tonsils: first part to encounter pathogens
peyer's patch: in intestinal wall, encounters pathogens |
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Term
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Definition
skin
eyes, ears, nose
digestive tract
respiratory tract |
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Term
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Definition
non-specific: phagocytic cells attempt to destroy invader
specific: recognition of a foreign antigen by the body |
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Term
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Definition
lymphocytes: respond to non-self antigens
B cells: produce antibodies that tag targets for destruction
T cells: do not recognize antigen directly
helper T: regular specific immunity
cytotoxic: attach and kill virus infected/cancer cells |
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Term
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Definition
| recognize "self" because positive selection chooses T cells that are capable of recognizing self antigens through MHC |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
continuous: incomplete digestion, one opening, no specialized structures
discontinuous: complete digestion, two openings, one direction, specialized structures |
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Term
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Definition
tongue: pressure receptors manipulate food
taste buds: stimulated by chemical composition of food
saliva: mucous membrane mixes chewed foods |
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Term
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Definition
produces insulin and pancreatic juice
contains digestive enzymes that assist in absorption of nutrients and digestion in the small intestine |
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Term
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Definition
most nutrients absorbed by small intestine
surface area increased by villi and microvilli
absorb water |
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Term
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Definition
produced by liver
stored in gall bladder
salts emulsify fat in small intestine, breaking it down |
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Term
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Definition
pancreas: secretes insulin and glucagon, pancreatic juice and bicarbonate
liver: bile and urea
gall bladder: bile |
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Term
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Definition
maltose can't be absorbed by intestines
gastrin: stimulates production of hydrochloric acid
CCK: stimulates gall bladder contractions
secretin: stimulates insulin |
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Term
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Definition
| nasal cavity -- pharynx -- larynx -- trachea -- bronchi -- bronchioles -- alveolar ducts |
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Term
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Definition
exchanged across alveolar membrane
O2 diffuses down pressure gradient into plasma
RBC - hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
external air pressure is high, internal is low
atmosphere pushes air into respiratory system
partial pressure gradient
neural controls |
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Term
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Definition
4 polypeptide chains
contains iron
gives up O2 where partial pressure is low
blood is warmer, CO2 rises, pH drops |
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Term
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Definition
CO2 increases in body tissues, diffuses into blood
CO2 binds to hemoglobin
enters RBCs and combines with water to form bicarbonate |
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Term
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Definition
solute concentration in extracellular fluid increases
hypothalamus decreases saliva production |
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Term
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Definition
glomerulus: filters water, salts, nutrient molecules & waste
loop of Henle: creates concentration gradient
nephron: produces urine in kidney
ureter: controls pH, carries urine to bladder
renal cortex: collects urine
renal medulla: contains loop of Henle
pentubular capillaries: tubular secretion, water absorbed |
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Term
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Definition
| water/salts/nutrients move from glomerulus to glomerular capsule as a result of blood pressure |
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Term
| Reabsorption, Secretion, Excretion, Assimilation |
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Definition
reabsorption: nutrient and slat molecules move across walls of tubules into the capillary network water flows passively
secretion: molecules secreted from peritubular capillary network into tubules; helps body rid of potentially harmful substances that were not filtered into glomerulus
excretion: removal of wastes
assimilation: breakdown and chemical transformation of substances into something the body can use |
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Term
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Definition
antidiuretic hormone: decreases urine production; moves water back into capillaries
aldosterone: kidney secretes renin which decreases sodium levels, adrenal cortex produces aldosterone, sodium reabsorption is triggered |
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Term
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Definition
| kindey -- glomerulus -- Bowman's capsule -- proximal tubule -- loop of Henle -- distal tubule -- collecting tubule -- calcyx -- renal pelvis -- ereter -- bladder -- urethra |
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Term
| Ectoderms, Endoderms, Heterotherms |
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Definition
ectoderms: low metabolic rate, gain heart from environment
endoderms: generate heart from metabolic activity
heterotherms: generate body heat during active periods |
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Term
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Definition
cold: constrict smooth muscles in blood vessels, hair erects, shivers
hot: sweating, englargement of blood vessels to dissipate air |
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