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| WHat are the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities required for life. |
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| Cells contain the heritable information in the form of: |
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Definition
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Term
| Whats the difference between reductionism and using discovery based science. |
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Definition
reductionism involves reducing complex systems to simpler components as a way to understand how the system works.
Discovery based science is the collection and analysis of data without the need for a preconcieved hypothesis |
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Term
| The 3 domains of life are: |
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Definition
| bacteria, archaea and eukarya |
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Term
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Definition
grouping of species
-based on evolutionary history |
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Term
| What is the difference between evolution and natural selection? |
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Definition
Evolution describes a heritable change in one or more charecteristics of a population from one generation to the next
Natural Selection: individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to thier enviorment tend to flourish. |
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Term
| What is the evidence for evolution? |
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Definition
| fossil record, biogeography |
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Term
| What is meant by a structure/function relationship? |
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Definition
| How specific molecules, organelles, cells, tissues, organs, and body structures are structured to support the functions that they perform |
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Term
| What is the difference between vertical evolution and horizontal gene transfer? |
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Definition
Vertical: new species evolve from pre-existing species by the accumalation of mutations
Horizontal: organism incorperates genetic material from another organism without being an offspring of that organism |
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Definition
| the total genetic composition of a species. |
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Definition
the collection of proteins made
by a given cells. |
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Term
| What is the heart of science? |
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Definition
| Inquiry, or the desire to know |
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Term
| What is the logic of discovery science and is often based on qualitative data? |
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Definition
| Inductive reasoning (observations) |
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| What is the logic of hypothesis science and is often based on quantitative data? |
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Definition
| Deductive reasoning (numbers) |
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Term
| What is a tenatitve answer to a well-framed question? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| testable and must be falsifiable. |
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Term
| What is a broad explanation of some aspect of nature that is backed up by observation and data? |
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Definition
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Term
How many atoms make up a molecule?
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Definition
2 or more atoms make up a molecule
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Term
| Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called: |
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Definition
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Term
| Compounds have 2 or more DIFFERENT: |
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Definition
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Term
| Life requires about 25 chemical elements. Which 4 make up most of our cells? |
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Definition
| oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen |
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Term
| Structure of the atom determines: |
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Definition
| the behavior of an element - Neutrons, Protons, Electrons. |
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Term
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Definition
# of protons
= # of electrons if neutrally charged element. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is Avogadro’s number? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| only in the number of neutrons |
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Term
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Definition
| the chemical behavior of the element. |
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Term
| The outer electron shell is called |
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Definition
| The valence shell, It contains valence electrons. The number of valence electrons determines an atom’s chemical bonding properties. |
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Term
| A covalent, non-polar bond is formed when |
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Definition
atoms share electrons equally
(Ex: c-h) |
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Term
| a covalent polar bond is formed when |
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Definition
one atom of a pair has the shared electrons more often than the other
(Ex: water) |
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Term
| an ionic bond is formed when |
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Definition
0ne atom of a pair basically steals the electrons of the other atom, transfer of electrons
(Ex: salts) |
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Term
| How can you determine if a bond or molecule is polar? |
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Definition
if one side is a bit more electronegative so the electrons hover in that area more
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Term
| Molecular shapes of molecules |
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Definition
| are related to their functions. Molecules are not rigid. |
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Term
| The making and breaking of chemical bonds is called |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| polar molecules easily-hydrophyllic molecules |
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Term
| Nonpolar molecules such as |
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Definition
| oils are hydrophobic and not dissolved in water |
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Term
| Water molecules can dissociate into H+ and OH- ions. What are these called? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| subtract H+ from solution. |
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Term
| A measure of H+ concentration, [H+], is |
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Definition
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Term
| A pH lower than 7 is ______, a pH greater than 7 is ______ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a ten-fold difference in ion concentration. |
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Term
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Definition
substances that resist change in pH.
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Term
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Definition
| chemistry of carbon based compounds. |
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Term
| Essential molecules of life: |
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Definition
| Proteins, DNA Sugars, Fats, |
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Term
Carbon has _____ in the valence shell (the outer shell) and so can form _______ with
other atoms - it can make a vast array of molecules. |
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Definition
4 electrons
4 covalent bonds |
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Term
| Hydrocarbons (carbon+hydrogen) are |
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Definition
| the simplest organic molecules. |
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Term
| Isomers are molecules with |
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Definition
| same molecular formula by different structural arrangements. |
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Term
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Definition
| differ in arrangement of atoms and often in location of double bonds. |
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Definition
| differ in structure due to inflexibility of double bonds. |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
(-NH2)
when with COOH its a amino acid |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Four kinds of macromolecules are found in living organisms: |
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Definition
Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and
Nucleic Acids. |
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Term
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Definition
large molecules formed by linking many similar smaller molecules called MONOMERS
together. Think beads on a string. |
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Term
| Most macromolecules are formed by |
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Definition
| dehydration (condensation) synthesis. One monomer looses an -H and the other an -OH to form water, and the monomers end up covalently bonded. |
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Term
| Hydrolysis (Lysis by water) is |
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Definition
| the breaking of monomer-monomer bonds. |
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Term
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Definition
| the simpliest sugars (single sugars) |
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Term
| Polysaccharides are made of |
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Definition
| monosaccharide monomers joined together. |
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Term
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Definition
| insoluble in water (Fats, phospholipids, steroids). |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon chain with carboxyl group at the end. |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule by an ester bond. |
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Term
Phospholipid =
What are they used for? |
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Definition
glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.
they make up the structure of cellular membranes |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference between estrogen and testosterone? |
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Definition
| estrogen has one less methyl group, a hydroxyl group instead of a keytone group and addtional double bonds in one of its rings |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are some functions of proteins? |
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Definition
| communications, structure, initiate movment, catalyzing reactions through enzymes |
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Term
| Amino acids are linked by |
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Definition
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Term
| what is a folded polypeptide with a function? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
twisting or folding of primary sequence into - alpha-helix, beta pleated
sheet or random coil |
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Term
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Definition
| - folding of secondary structure |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one polypeptide chain |
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Term
| Why is quaternary structure important in protein-protein interactions? |
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Definition
| it makes the protien functional, important in building cellular structure that provide shape and organization to cells |
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Term
| How can a change of one amino acid affect protein function? |
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Definition
| it can change the structure from one protien to another |
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Term
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Definition
| pentose sugar +phosphate group + nitrogenous base. |
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Term
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Definition
Pyrimidines (6 membered rings) - Cytosine C, Thymine T, Uaicil U
Purines ((6 membered ring +5 membered ring) Adenine A, Guanine G |
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Term
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Definition
RNA- ribose
DNA - deoxyribose
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Term
| What are joined by phosphodiester linkages to form a polymer (RNA or DNA) |
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Definition
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Term
| What form the backbone and nitrogenous bases extend from that backbone. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hydrogen bonds between bases form |
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Definition
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Term
| The order of what constitutes information storage in biological systems? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
• All living things are composed of one or more cells
• Cells are the smallest units of living organisms
• New cells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division |
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Term
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Definition
Simple cell structure, lack a membrane-enclosed nucleus
• 2 categories- bacteria and archaea |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| region where genetic material found |
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Term
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Definition
| involved in protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pilli (attachment), flagella (locomotion) |
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Term
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Definition
| • Are more complex: DNA housed inside nucleus, contain organelles/compartmentalized |
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Term
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Definition
• Outside the cell organelles but inside the plasma membrane
• Function: metabolic activities of eukaryotic cells, where polypeptide synthesis (Translation) occurs |
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Term
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Definition
| protien filaments that provide shape and aid in movement |
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Term
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Definition
Use ATP as a source of energy
Three different kinds of movements
-moving cargo from one location to another
-moving filament
both the motor protein and filament restricted in their -movement to exert a force that causes the
filament to bend (Flagella and cilia) |
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Term
| What are the characteristics of flagella and cilia? What is their structure? |
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Definition
-flagella is longer than cilia
-cilia tend to cover all or part of the surface of the cell
-they both share the same structure called the axoneme |
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