Term
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Definition
| study of internal and external structures, and the physical relationships between body parts |
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Term
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Definition
| focus on gross levels of study and combine the 3 normal approaches to anatomical study with a histological look at the various organ systems |
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Term
| 3 Main Approaches to Anatomical Study |
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Definition
Systemic: the study of the structure of major organ systems (groups of organs that act together to produce an effect)
Regional: deals with the structural relationships of the parts of the body in the region being studied
Clinical: emphasizes structures and functions that are clinically relevant in the health sciences (medicine and dentistry) |
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Term
| Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body |
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Definition
1. Chemical or Molecular Level
2. Cellular Level
3. Tissue Level
4. Organ Level
5. Organ System
6. Organism
7. Each level is completely dependent on the other levels.
8. Anything that has a negative impact on the system as a whole will also have a negative impact on the components individually through feedback loops, therefore, there is an absolute interdependence of the levels. |
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Term
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Definition
99% of atoms are one of 4 different elements (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen)
interact to form compounds of various properties- water, protein, lipids, carbohydrates
function related to structure (i.e. protein to collagen) |
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Term
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Definition
Cells are the smallest living unit of the human body
Organelles (defined as the functional subunits of cells) are internal structures which are composed of complex chemicals or molecules |
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Term
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Definition
similar types of cells are joined together to form tissue with specific properties
classified into 4 distinct categories |
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Term
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Definition
| organization of different types of tissue in a complex fashion to perform specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| made up of more than one organ element; together they create a functional system (i.e. different organs work together) |
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Term
| Major Organ Systems Include |
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Definition
Integumentary System: skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands
Skeletal&Articular Systems: the bones, joints and suppoting cartilage and ligaments
Muscular System: the muscles
Nervous System: central nervous system (the brains and spinal cord) and peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)
Cardiovascular System: the heart and blood vessels
Lymphatic&Immune Systems: lymph vessels, nodes and corresponding immune components
Digestive System: organs associated with ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption of food and the elimination of feces
Respiratory System: lungs and air passage
Urinary System: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Reproductive System: the genital organs; gynecology in females and andrology in males
Endocrine System: ductless glands that produce hormones |
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Term
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Definition
reflects the interaction between or sum total of organ systems which all work together in unison to promote life
When working normally, there is homeostasis (maintenance of a relatively constant environment) of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
Organization
Metabolism
Responsiveness
Growth
Development
Reproduction |
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Term
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Definition
| The specific inter-relationships among parts of the organism and how they interact to perform specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| All the chemical reactions taking place in the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| the ability to sense change in the external and internal environments and adjust to those changes |
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Term
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Definition
| an increase in the size and/or number of cells, which will overall increase the size of the organism |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes the organism undergoes over a duration of time, from fertilization to death |
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Term
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Definition
| Formation of new cells or new organisms |
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Term
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Definition
all anatomical positions are expressed in relation to the anatomical position to ensure that descriptions are not ambiguous
standard reference position
Body upright (or supine), palms forwards, eyes ahead, feet together and forward
Structural relationships are always made as if the body is in the anatomical position |
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Term
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Definition
| all anatomical descriptions are based on 4 imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position. These planes are the median, sagittal, coronal and horizontal planes |
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Term
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Definition
| Further descriptive terms that includes adjectives in pairs of opposites. |
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Term
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Definition
| descriptions of normal motions produced by muscles acting on the skeleton and various joints |
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Term
| Median Plane (midsagittal) |
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Definition
| vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, dividing the body into right and left halves |
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Term
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Definition
| vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane |
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Term
| Coronal Plane/Frontal Plane |
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Definition
| vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into front(anterior) and back(posterior) portions |
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Term
| Horizontal Plane/ Transverse Plane |
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Definition
| planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into upper(superior) and lower(inferior) portions |
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Term
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Definition
| any plane or section of a plane that is not at a right angle |
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Term
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Definition
| above; cranial; cephalad(towards the head) |
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Term
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Definition
| below; caudal; toward the tail |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| toward the middle of the body or median plane |
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Term
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Definition
| toward the side of the body, right or left, away from the midline |
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Term
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Definition
| close to the trunk or point of origin (of a limb) |
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Term
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Definition
| farther from the trunk or point of origin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal; further in from the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in the sagittal plane. Flexion decreases the angle and extension increases the angle between the bones of a joint |
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Term
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Definition
| extension beyond anatomical position (not always allowed) |
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Term
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Definition
| moving away from the center of the body |
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Term
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Definition
| moving towards the center of the body |
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