Term
| smallest and most fundamental unit of matter |
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Definition
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Term
| study of chemistry of biological organisms |
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Definition
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Term
| the study of living organisms and their interactions with one another and their environments |
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Definition
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Term
| collection of all the ecosystems on earth |
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Definition
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Term
| smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things |
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Definition
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Term
| set of populations inhabiting a particular area |
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Definition
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Term
| part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment |
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Definition
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Term
| form of logical thinking that uses a general inclusive statement to forecast specific results |
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Definition
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Term
| (also, discovery science) form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate |
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Definition
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Term
| all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment |
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Definition
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Term
| organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelle |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of gradual change in a population or species over time |
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Definition
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Term
| able to be disproven by experimental results |
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Definition
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Term
| ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| suggested explanation for an observation, which one can test (can never be conclusively proven to be true because we |
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Definition
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Term
| form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers |
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Definition
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Term
| form of logical thinking that uses related observations to arrive at a general conclusion |
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Definition
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Term
| opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper |
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Definition
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Term
| field of science, such as biology, that studies living things |
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Definition
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Term
| large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques that the researchers used to gather data |
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Definition
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Term
| study of the structure and function of microorganisms |
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Definition
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Term
| study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes |
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Definition
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Term
| study of the biology of the nervous system |
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Definition
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Term
| collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function |
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Definition
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Term
| Lebel of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs |
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Definition
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Term
| small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections |
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Definition
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Term
| field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter |
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Definition
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Term
| all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area |
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Definition
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Term
| single-celled organism that lacks organelles ad does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables without any further interpretation |
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Definition
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Term
| paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature |
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Definition
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Term
| knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method |
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Definition
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Term
| method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fortunate accident or a lucky surprise |
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Term
| tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena |
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Definition
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Term
| group of similar cells carrying out related functions |
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Definition
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Term
| part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| attraction between water molecules and other molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrocarbon consisting of a linear chain of carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| negative ion that is formed bean atom gaining one or more electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrocarbon consisting of closed rings of carbon atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| the smallest unit of matter that retains all of the chemical properties of an element |
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Definition
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Term
| calculated mean of the mass number for an elements isotopes |
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Definition
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Term
| total number of protons in an atom |
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Definition
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Term
| statement of a chemical reaction with the number of each type of atom equalized for both the products and reactants |
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Definition
| balanced chemical equation |
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Term
| molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| substance that prevents a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions |
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Definition
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Term
| amount of heat required to change the temperature of one gram of water by one degree Celsius |
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Definition
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Term
| occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes' sides |
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Definition
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Term
| positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| interaction between two or more of the same or different atoms that results in forming molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| process leading to rearranging atoms in molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| the ability to combine and to chemically bond with each other |
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Definition
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Term
| intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension |
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Definition
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Term
| substance composed of molecules consisting of atoms of at least two different elements |
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Definition
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Term
| type of strong bond formed between two atoms of the same or different elements; forms when electrons are shared between atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such ashen water dissociates into H+ and OH- |
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Definition
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Term
| ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance |
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Definition
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Term
| negatively charged subatomic particle that resides outside of the nucleus in the electron orbital; lacks functional mass and has a negative charge of -1 unit |
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Definition
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Term
| arrangement of electrons in an atom's electron shell |
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Definition
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Term
| how electrons are spatially distributed surrounding the nucleus; the area where we are most likely to find an electron |
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Definition
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Term
| movement of electrons from one element to another; important in creating ionic bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| one of 118 unique substances that cannot break down in smaller substances; each element has unique properties and a specified number of protons |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules that share overall structure and bonding patterns, but differ in how the atoms are three dimensionally placed such that they are mirror images of each other |
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Definition
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Term
| steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system |
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Definition
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Term
| change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an organism's skin |
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Definition
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Term
| group of atoms that provides or imparts a specific function to a carbon skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| isomer with similar bonding patterns differing in the placement of atoms alongside a double covalent bond |
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Definition
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Term
| high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor |
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Definition
| heat of vaporization of water |
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Term
| molecule that consists only of carbon and hydrogen |
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Definition
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Term
| weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water |
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Definition
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Term
| describes uncharged non polar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water |
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Definition
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Term
| (also, noble gas) element with filled outer electron shell that is unreactive with other atoms |
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Definition
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Term
| atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions) |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reaction where reactants proceed unidirectionally to form products |
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Definition
| irreversible chemical reaction |
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Term
| molecules that differ from one another even though they share the same chemical formula |
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Definition
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Term
| one or more forms of an element that have different numbers of neutrons |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical law stating that the rate of reaction is proportional to the concentration of the reacting substances |
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Definition
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Term
| (also, pH paper)filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator |
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Definition
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Term
| total number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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Definition
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Term
| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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Definition
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Term
| two or more atoms chemically bonded together |
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Definition
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Term
| type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons that are shared equally between them |
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Definition
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Term
| core of an atom; contains protons and neutrons |
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Definition
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Term
| rule that atoms are most stable when they hold eight electrons in their outermost shells |
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Definition
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Term
| region surrounding the nucleus; contains electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| any molecule containing carbon (except carbon dioxide) |
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Definition
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Term
| organizational chart of elements indicating each element's atomic number and atomic mass; provides key information about the elements' properties |
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Definition
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Term
| scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution |
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Definition
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Term
| type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions |
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Definition
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Term
| positively charged particle that resides in the atom's nucleus; has amass of one amu and a charge of +1 |
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Definition
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Term
| isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough |
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Definition
| reversible chemical reaction |
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Term
| when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution |
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Definition
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Term
| molecules that share a chemical formula but differ in the placement of their chemical bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons |
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Definition
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Term
| outermost shell of an atom |
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Definition
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Term
| isotope that emits radiation comprised of subatomic particles to form more stable elements |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule that takes part in a chemical reaction |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical reaction that functions bidirectionally, where products may turn into reactants if their concentration is great enough |
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Definition
| reversible chemical reaction |
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Term
| the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrocarbon chain or ring containing an atom of another element in place of one of the backbone carbons |
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Definition
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Term
| An acid added to water will |
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Definition
| increase ion concentration |
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Term
Which of the following is not true regarding isomers
a. isomers may differ in how atoms are arranged across double bonds.
b. one isomer can substitute for another in a chemical reaction
c. isomers may have different shapes.
d. they have the same number of atoms. |
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Definition
| b. one isomer can substitute for another in a chemical reaction |
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Term
| What kind of reaction is required to break down a polymer? |
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Definition
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Term
| which functional group is hydrophobic |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following is a polysaccharide found in animals for storing energy?
a. glucose
b. cellulose
c. glycogen
d. amylose |
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Definition
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Term
| Polar covalent bonds form when? |
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Definition
| there is an unequal sharing of electrons between atoms. |
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Term
| Atomic number refers to the number of ______ in the nucleus of an atom. |
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Definition
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Term
| An acid added to water will |
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Definition
| decrease the hydrogen ion concentration |
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Term
| Atoms with the same number of valence electrons are found in the same _______ of the periodic table of elements. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following best defines a covalent bond?
a. an electrostatic attraction between atoms.
b. a pair of electrons are exchanged between atoms
c. the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms.
d. the sharing of on or more protons between atoms |
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Definition
| c. the sharing of one or more pairs of electrons between atoms |
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Term
Which of the following molecules is a major component of biological membranes?
a. phospholipids
b. fatty acids
c. triglycerides
d. carbohydrates |
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Definition
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Term
| Entails forming and testing hypotheses based on observations of nature |
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Definition
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Term
| derived from a Latin verb meaning "to know" |
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Definition
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Term
| the search for information and explanation |
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Definition
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Term
| the building blocks of molecules found in the universe––air, soil, water, rocks, and also the cells of all living organisms. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| made up of protons located within the nucleus, neutrons, and electrons |
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Definition
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Term
| number located above the chemical symbol |
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Definition
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Term
| number below chemical symbol |
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Definition
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Term
| most stable electron configuration |
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Definition
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Term
| a chemical bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared between two atoms. |
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Definition
| double bond (like a double covalent) |
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Term
| metals lose electrons and nonmetals gain electrons to achieve an anion or cation |
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Definition
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Term
| have a net positive charge |
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Definition
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Term
| have a net positive charge |
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Definition
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Term
| how many elements are there? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| _____ bonds give water unique properties, and they are important in protein and DNA structure |
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Definition
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Term
| allows water molecules to "climb" from a tree's roots to its highest leaves |
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Definition
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Term
| measure of the equilibrium balance of water |
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Definition
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Term
| when carbon forms single bonds with other atoms, the shape is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| when two carbon atoms form a double bond, the shape is _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| is water polar or non polar? why? |
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Definition
| polar, it is slightly negative and positive |
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Term
| if you wanted to mix polar and non polar solutions, how well would they mix? |
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Definition
| they wouldn't, you need to mix polar with polar (water, orange juice) or non polar with noon polar (oil, acetone) |
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Term
| what is generally a higher pH substance |
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Definition
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Term
| what is just under distilled water for pH? |
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Definition
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Term
| what solutions are generally acid |
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Definition
| juices such as lemon juice, orange juice, and eve gastric acid |
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Term
| what is on the middle of the pH scale? |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ bonds in proteins are formed between the thiol groups of cysteine residues by the process of oxidative folding |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ bond formation is a dehydration synthesis reaction. The carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of the incoming amino acid OC-NH. In the process, a molecule of water is released |
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Definition
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Term
| water hating molecules, tend to be non-polar. They interact with other non-polar molecules in chemical reactions, but generally do not interact with polar molecules. When placed in water, these molecules tend to form a ball or cluster |
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Definition
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Term
| water loving molecules, tend to be polar or charged. When put into water, they tend to face the outside of the molecule cluster. dissolves in water |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ isomers have a different covalent arrangement of atoms |
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Definition
| structural isomers (butane/isobutane) |
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Term
| ______ isomers have a different arrangement of atoms around a double bond |
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Definition
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Term
| are mirror images of each other |
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Definition
| Enantiomers (L-isomer/D-isomer) |
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Term
| strong bonds but have more potential energy to explode when the bond is broken |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Amino, Carboxyl, Hydroxyl, Methyl, Phosphate, Sulfhydryl |
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Term
| _______ groups are groups of atoms that occur within molecules and confer specific chemical properties to those molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| functional group that attaches to some molecules containing an oxygen and hydrogen atom, bonded together (polar) |
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Definition
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Term
| formed by carbonyl (C=O) and hydroxyl (OH), are considered acidic because they can release H+ ions into solution (polar) |
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Definition
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Term
| carbon double bonded with oxygen (polar) |
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Definition
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Term
| three hydrogen atoms with one carbon atom result in what functional group? (only non polar group) |
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Definition
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Term
| functional group with one nitrogen atom with single bonds to at least two hydrogen atoms (can remove H+ from solution and considered basic) (polar) |
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Definition
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Term
| functional group phosphorus atom covalently bound to 4 oxygen atoms and contains one P=O bond and three P-O− bonds. (polar) |
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Definition
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Term
| functional group with one single bond to hydrogen from Sulphur |
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Definition
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Term
| four critical molecules of all living things |
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Definition
| carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates, proteins, lipids |
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Term
| single unit of a carbohydrate, protein, or nucleic acid |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| two molecules of glucose are linked together to form a disaccharide. this process where a water molecule is formed and released is called |
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Definition
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Term
| process where a disaccharide is broken down to form two glucose monomers |
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Definition
| hydrolysis reaction, opposite of dehydration synthesis |
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Term
| biological macromolecule in which the ration of carbon to hydrogen and to oxygen Is 1:2:1; serve as energy sources and structural support in cells and form arthropods cellular exoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| functions include defense, storage, transport, cellular communication, movement, and structural support. polymer of amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| hydrophobic, do not form true palmers, major function is energy storage |
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Definition
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Term
| biological macromolecule that carries the cells genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cells functioning |
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Definition
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Term
| fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule |
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Definition
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Term
| long chain hydrocarbon with single covalent bonds in the carbon chain; the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton is maximized |
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Definition
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Term
| these types of fatty acids have one or more double bonds |
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Definition
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Term
| consists of a carboxyl group attached to a long carbon skeleton |
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Definition
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Term
| constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids |
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Definition
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Term
| molecule with two fatty acids and modified phosphate group attached to a glycerol backbone |
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Definition
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Term
| major component of all cellular membranes |
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Definition
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Term
| found in all cells; makes vitamin D, and substances that help to digest food |
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Definition
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|
Term
| have central asymmetric carbon which an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen atom, and a side chain (R group) are attached |
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Definition
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Term
| The carboxyl group of one amino acid is linked to the amino group of the incoming amino acid through dehydration synthesis (water molecule released) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| sequence of a chain of amino acids |
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Definition
| primary protein structure |
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Term
| hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes the amino acids to fold into a repeating pattern |
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Definition
| secondary protein structure |
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Term
| three-dimensional folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions. |
|
Definition
| tertiary protein structure |
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|
Term
| quaternary protein structure |
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Definition
| protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain |
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Term
| are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the cell's genetic blueprint and carry instructions for its functioning. (DNA/RNA) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| contains A, T, G, and C; (A), guanine (G) cytosine (C), and thymine (T). |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the bases of DNA comprised of and where are they located |
|
Definition
| The nitrogenous bases are stacked in the interior, like a pair of staircase steps. Hydrogen bonds bind the pairs to each other. |
|
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Term
| what makes DNA's backbone and where is it located |
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Definition
| The sugar and phosphate lie on the outside of the helix, forming the DNA's backbone. |
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Term
| Ribosomes, cell wall, cell membrane, single celled, nucleic, bacteria and archaea, lack a nucleus, generally smaller |
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Definition
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|
Term
| animals, plants, fungi, and proteins. DNA, nucleus, bounded by membranes, cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus, generally larger. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| DNA location within a eukaryotic cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| transports proteins: contains ribosomes |
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Definition
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|
Term
| transports proteins to the Golgi or where its needed in the cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| responsible for transporting, modifying, and packaging proteins and lipids into vesicles for delivery to targeted destinations. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| in an animal cell means to break down protein, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and worn out organelles back to amino acids |
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Definition
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Term
| Two membranes to hold acid, own ribosomes and own DNA, where metabolized sugars are stored, cellular respiration (a metabolic process that uses oxygen to generate ATP) |
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Definition
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|
Term
o Own ribosomes and own DNA
o Two membranes to hold acid
o Allows photosynthesis to occur
o Found in plants and algae, |
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Definition
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|
Term
| grow an reproduce somewhat independently in cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How proteins are moved around and stored |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Where proteins are stored within cell or transferred between cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| three main types of fibers make up the cytoskeleton. work as skeleton of cell |
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Definition
| microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments. |
|
|
Term
are the thickest of the three components of the
cytoskeleton. serve as transportation function |
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Definition
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|
Term
also called actin filaments, are the thinnest
components. thicken the cortex around the inner eye of the cell |
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Definition
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|
Term
| are fibers with diameters in a middle range. provide structural support for organelles and facilitates transport |
|
Definition
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|
Term
consists of a
network of proteins and carbohydrates. helps cells bind together |
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Definition
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Term
| types of these that allow neighboring cells in an animal or plant to adhere, interact, and communicate through direct physical contact |
|
Definition
| Tight junctions, gap junctions, desmosomes, plasmodesmata |
|
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Term
| form watertight connections between adjacent animal cells. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a protein lined pore that allows water and small molecules to pass between adjacent animal cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| forms a very strong spot weld between cells. formed by linkage of intermediate filaments |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a channel between the cell walls of two adjacent plant cells. allows materials to pass from the cytoplasm of one plant cell to the cytoplasm of an adjacent cell |
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Definition
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|
