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| study of how organisms interact with their environment (including each other), and how these interactions dictate distribution and abundance of organisms |
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| genetic finetuning of population within a species to local environment |
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| changes in gene frequency in a population from one generation to the next |
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| the descent of different species from a common ancestor over many generation |
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shallow: phytoplankton can't sink out of light zone
runoff from major river mouths have high productivity |
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swirling vortex of water, that is isolated from a current
a pocket of warm water followed by fisherman b/c it is high in productivity |
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- runoff /\ due to snowmelt and /\ rainfall
- temp /\
- daylength /\ and /\direct sunlight
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distinct bands of organisms along shore
mussels, anemone, red algae |
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| add Fe dust /\ phytoplankton |
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| chunks of decaying matter, feces, marine snow |
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| can be eaten without ingestion, absorbed by skin transport to make proteins, N waste absorbed by sharks for amino acids |
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0/00 ppt, g salt/1000 g sw, usually 33-34
/\ salinity, /\ density |
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Forchhammer's Principle
T=N/(dN/dt) |
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| 10^6 years, T = residence time of 1 atom in sw, 1000 years to mix the whole ocean, {does not apply to N and P because they're taken up as fast as they appear} |
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| sea floor spreading/shrinking |
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| 2-25 cm/year, bands of reversed magnetic polarity |
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| +/- 150 m due to glaciers |
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- surface circulation
- thermohaline circulation
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| rotational velocity \/ w/ /\ distance from equator, CW in NH |
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| net effect of the wind [90 degrees to the right] moves surface waters offshore, causes upwelling |
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El Nino Southern Oscillation
(ENSO) |
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driven by atomospheric pressure differences,
cold water shallower off Peru and warm off Indonesia
sloshes back '97-'98 |
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stable stratification of temp due to different densities,
steep decrease of temp over depth |
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| denisty slope, /\ with depth and temp |
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| oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) |
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Definition
| a depth zone usually below the thermocline in which dissolved oxygen is minimum |
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Antarctic Bottom Water
(AABW) |
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| 80*S @ Weddell Sea, cool dense waters sink near the poles, brings oxygen to deep ocean |
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North Atlantic Deep Water
(NADW) |
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| Gulf Stream cools near N of Newfoundland and is dense enough to sink and flow S |
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affects climat and deep water oxygen, takes 1000 years for water to move through the loops.
Climate change threatens the shutdown of the loop in N Atlantic. |
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| biggest amplitudes of tides |
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| lowest amplitude of tides |
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| greatest amplitude of the year, highest highs and lowest lows on the same day, good indicator of future mean sea level effects |
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| 2 highs and lows per day, about 30-50 min later each day -> 2 week cycle |
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2 low tides/day
- higher low water
- lower low water
2 high tides/day
- higher high water
- lower high water
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mean lower low water
(MLLW) |
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Definition
the ave of he lowest low tides over tidal epoch (19 years in deviation)
reference pt for sea level, determines the waterfront property limit |
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4 major constituents
- lunar semi-diurnal
- solar semi-diurnal
- luni-solar diurnal
- principal lunar diurnal
20 different sin waves to take into account |
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| where you can't feel the effect of the tidal wave |
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red lines are equal time
blue lines are equal height |
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| the transition between to biomes |
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| they only venture up near the top of intertidal zone during neap tides b/c it takes up ti 24 hrs to drill through and eat prey |
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| an external/environmental cue that entrains an organism's biological rythmn |
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| depth where waves don't feel friction from the bottom |
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| depth where waves become unstable and break |
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distance over which wind actiing on surface water
higher fetch -> bigger wave height |
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| abnormally large waves for given day, the result from wave interference |
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bending of waves b/c of different parts of wave start to "feel the bottom" at different times
Points have /\ E concentration
bays have E diffusion |
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b/t layers of sw with different density
important for mixing of nutrients into surface waters from beneath pycnocline |
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acoustic doppler current profiler
(ADCP) |
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| mounted on the sea floor, sends out waves to the surface |
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| drifter, (eg. rubber ducks) |
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| inward curving of long coastline, Point Conception to south, making a major geographic barrier |
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photosynthetically active radiation
(PAR) |
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| long wavelength, 700nm, low E |
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| short wavelength, 200-300nm, high E, filtered out in the top few meters of water |
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a level of light intensity (if appropriate wavelength) @ which photosynthesis = respiration
no net change in glucose or biomass |
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| phytoplankton grown under these conditions grow faster than in still water, have evolved to work best under fluctuating light conditions |
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| limits phytoplankton growth b/c algae at the surface absorb/block light |
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| dinoflagellate coral symbionts that provide sugar to coral host in return for nutrients change at different depths |
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| most active @ dawn/dusk due to decreased light in water column to ambush prey |
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| day/night cycle of vertical movements that drive prey and predators to swim at shallower depth during the night |
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| photons (mostly UV) damage photosystem II (proteins) |
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Mycosporine-like amino acids
MAA |
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| aa's that block high E photons |
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| in algal cells, chloroplasts surround nucleus and serve to protect DNA |
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| process (usually human-induced) of excess nuts being added to water -> /\ phyto abundance -> harmful algal blooms, lack of O2, fish die-offs, paralytic shellfish poisoning |
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| catalyzes carbonic acid to CO2 found on extracellular side of membrane, provides CO2 to cell |
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| away, river runoff, atmospheric deposition |
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| self, regenerated from within systems |
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| nut ratio in phytoplankton |
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trimethylamine oxide
(TMAO) |
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| stabilizes proteins at high pressure |
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| can synthesize everything they need (eg. diatoms) |
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| have to absorb some complex molecules (eg. dinoflagellates) |
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K= [nuts] @ 50% of max growth
\/K has a higher affinity for nuts
@low nuts offshore outcompetes inshore
@high nuts inshore outcompetes offshore |
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| Anthopleura xanthogrammica |
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| Strongylocentrotus pupuratus |
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