Term
| What organism is responsible for bacillary hemoglobinuria? Which species are affected? |
|
Definition
-Clostridium haemolyticum
-sheep and cattle |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis behind bacillary hemoglobinuria in cattle and sheep. |
|
Definition
| -immature fluke migration => necrotic nidus => spres germinate => bacteria proliferate and release toxins (phospholipase C) |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
-hepatocellular necrosis (Focal)
-intravascular hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What category of icterus is Bacillary hemoglobinuria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the organism is responsible for infectious necrotic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| -Clostridium novyi type B |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by infectious necrotic hepatitis? Common name? |
|
Definition
-sheep, also in cattle/pigs/horses
-aka Black Dz |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis behind ifnectious necrotic hepatitis. |
|
Definition
| -fluke migration => bacterial proliferation => release toxins => hepatic necrosis => death |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see in response to infectious necrotic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
-discrete foci of hepatic necrosis
-fluid accumulation in cavities
-diffuse venous congestion
-rapid putrefaction |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which animals are msot commonly affected by Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to Tyzzer's dz? |
|
Definition
-die after short illness
-hepatic enlargement, random pale foci of necrosis
-large, elongate bacilli at margins of necrotic foci
-enterocolitis may be present |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most commonly affected by Lepto? |
|
Definition
| -acute, severe infection in young rums |
|
|
Term
| What lesions occur due to Leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
-septicemia
-hemolytic anemia
-IV hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What do we see in dogs w/ leptospirosis? |
|
Definition
-hepatitis w/ cholestasis in dogs: icterus, non-specific reactive hepatitis
-symptoms mainly from nephritis: renal failure |
|
|
Term
| Any systemic bacterial infection may cause hepatitis and hepatocellular necrosis. What lesions do we see? |
|
Definition
-small necrtic foci
multiple large abscesses |
|
|
Term
| What causes neutrophilic holangitis (cholangiohepatitis)? Lesions? |
|
Definition
-usually ascending infection from intestine
-chronic cholangiohepatitis leads to biliary fibrosis, bile duct rupture or abscessation |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for Blackhead? Which animals are affected? |
|
Definition
-Histomonas meleagridis (protozoan)
-turkeys, chickens, an other galliform birds |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Blackhead? |
|
Definition
| -transmitted in eggs of cecal nematode => histomonads released in ceca => replicate => invade cecal mucosa => cecal ulceration and inflammation (typhlitis) => reach liver thr blood or peritoneal cavity => target-shaped multifocal necortic lesions in liver |
|
|
Term
| What lesiosn are pathognomonic for histomoniasis? |
|
Definition
| -target-shaped necrotis lesions in liver + cecal lesion |
|
|
Term
| Which organism is responsible for hepatic occidiosis in rabbits? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see due to hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits? |
|
Definition
-dec growth and anorexia
-can be subclinical
-young most susceptible |
|
|
Term
| Where do coccidia replicate? What lesions do we see in rabbits? |
|
Definition
-replicate in biliary epi
-small yellow-white nodules throughout liver |
|
|
Term
| What is Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| -soil-dwelling fungus: inhalation or ingestion |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see due to histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| -pneumonia and/or enteritis |
|
|
Term
| What liver lesions do we see due to Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
-enlarged and pale liver
-multifocal granulomas w/ intralesional yeast |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose Histoplasma capsulatum? |
|
Definition
| -FNA, biopsy, serology/urine Ag, etc |
|
|
Term
| How do nematodes affect the liver? |
|
Definition
-larval migration
-produces tracts of necrosis and inflammation
-replaced by fibrotic scarring |
|
|
Term
| Which nematodes commonly affect the liver? IN which spp do they occur? |
|
Definition
-Ascaris suum: milk spotted liver in pigs
-Strongylus sp: equine
-Capillaria hepatica: dogs, felines |
|
|
Term
| What is vena caval syndrome? Clinical signs? |
|
Definition
-Dirofilaria immitis in dogs
-partial blocakge of vena cava w/ adult HW
-can occur due to acute hepatic failure possible and IV hemolysis |
|
|
Term
| What category of portal hypertension is canine vena caval syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is hepatocellular necrosis occuring due to canine vena caval syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gross lesion do you expect to see w/ portal hypertension due to canine vena caval syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which forms of portal hypertension give you ascites? |
|
Definition
-pre-hepatic, intra-hepatic ONLY
-not post-hepatic |
|
|
Term
| Which cestodes have encysted forms in intermediate hosts? |
|
Definition
-Taenia sp: carnivores
-Stilesia sp adults
-Echinococcus granulosa |
|
|
Term
| Which trematodes affect the liver? Which spp do they affect? |
|
Definition
-Fasciola hepatica: cattle, sheep
-Fasicola magna: elk, WTD also cattle, sheep |
|
|
Term
| Which stages of F. hepatica affect the liver? |
|
Definition
-adults in biliary tract
-immature migrate in liver: hemorrhagic tracts resolved w/ fibrosis |
|
|
Term
| What are some fo the potential sequela of F. hepatica? |
|
Definition
-peritonitis
-hepatic or biliary abscesses
-widespread hepatic necrosis
-clostridial proliferation
-cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis
-ectasia, stenosis, and fibrosis
-extraheptaic cholestsis |
|
|
Term
| Which stages of F. magna affect the liver? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does F. magna affect cattle? |
|
Definition
-migration causes extensive damage
-adult live in cyts |
|
|
Term
| How does F. magna affect sheep? |
|
Definition
| -continuous migration w/ extensive damage |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for equine serum hepatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the common history of Theiler's dz? |
|
Definition
| -history of tx w/ pdn contianing equine serum 30-70d prior to developing dz |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see quint equine serum hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| -hepatic encephalopathy and icterus |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of equine serum hepatitis? |
|
Definition
-some horses recover from transient dz w/ jaundice
-some survivie w/ residual neuro signs
-death may occur in 6-24h |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to equine serum hepatitis? |
|
Definition
-small, friable liver w/ enhanced lobular pattern
-aka dishrag liver |
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of canine chronic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to canine chronic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| -fibrosis, intrahepatic cholestasis, piecemeal necrosis |
|
|
Term
| When do clinical signs occur w/ canine chronic hepatitis? What are they? |
|
Definition
-not until dz is advanced
-lethargy, depression, wt loss, weakness, vomiting, ascites (icterus uncommon |
|
|
Term
| How do we definitely diagnose canine chronic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| -wedge biopsy (really need 2) |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to canine chronic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
-small distorted liver
-coarsely nodular to end-stage liver
-earlier stages may be small w/ enhanced lobular pattern |
|
|
Term
| In which breeds does copper toxicosis associate w/ canine chronic hepatitis? |
|
Definition
| -Bedlinton terriers & West HIghland whites |
|
|
Term
| In which dog breeds does familial chronic hepatitis lead to copper accumulation? |
|
Definition
-Dobies
-Skye terriers
-Cockers
-Labs
-Standard poodles |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of an end-stage liver? |
|
Definition
-fibrosis
0nodular regen
-disorganization of hepatic architecture |
|
|
Term
| What is the second most common hepatic disorder in cats? Which is most common |
|
Definition
-feline cholangitis and cholangiohepatitis complex
-idiopathic hepatitc lipidosis is most common |
|
|
Term
| What is suppurative hcolangitis/cholangiohepatitis in felines? |
|
Definition
-neutrophilic inflammation w/ degen and necrosis of bild ducts
-inflammation extends into periportal hepatic parenchyma |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose feline suppurative cholangitis? |
|
Definition
| -bile cytology and bacterial culture of liver biopsy |
|
|
Term
| WHich cats most commonly get suppurative cholanitis? |
|
Definition
| -middle age to older cats that are acutely sick |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are seen w/ feline suppurative cholangitis? |
|
Definition
-icterus
-pyrexia
-anorexia |
|
|
Term
| What causes the icterus w/ feline suppurative cholangitis? |
|
Definition
| -intrahepatic cholestasis w/ extraheptaci cholestasis |
|
|
Term
| What can accompany feline suppurative cholangitis? |
|
Definition
-mild pancreatitis
-IBD
-these + cholangitis = triaditis |
|
|
Term
| What is the suspected cause of feline suppurative cholangitis? |
|
Definition
| -ascending bacterial infection |
|
|
Term
| What do we see on cytology of feline lymphocytic cholangitis? |
|
Definition
-lymphocytes restricted to portal areas
-does NOT involve adjacent parenchyma and has no neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see due to feline lymphocytic cholangitis? |
|
Definition
| -doesn't appear ill but icterus is common |
|
|
Term
| What causes the icterus seen w/ feline lymphocytic cholangitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see w/ feline lymphocytic cholangitis? |
|
Definition
-portal inflammation w/ biliary hyperplsasia and fibrosis
-icterus
-progressive ascitis sometimes |
|
|
Term
| What gross lesions do we see w/ feline cholangitis/cholangiohepatitis? |
|
Definition
-granular liver surface
-normal shape or nodular distortion: nodules usually not prominent
-inc firmness & enlargment: fibrosis (bliary or periportal) |
|
|
Term
| What do you see clinically w/ acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis in dogs? |
|
Definition
-icteurs
-inc liver enzymes
-inflammatory mediators |
|
|
Term
| What causes disruption of intestinal mucosal barrier w/ liver injurry? |
|
Definition
| -endotoxin in portal circulation damages the liver |
|
|
Term
| What happens in the liver w/ blood-borne infection or abdominal spesis? |
|
Definition
| -portal accumulation of inflammatory cells on biopsy |
|
|
Term
| How does anemia affect the liver? |
|
Definition
-hypoxic effects
-inc hemoglobin/bilirubin burden in hemolytic anemias (Kupffer cells remove RBCs or their fragments) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common site of tixic injury in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is the liver most affected by toxins? |
|
Definition
| -it has enzymes that metabolize endogenous and exogenous substances |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common pattern of acute liver toxicity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions result from a single toxic episode in healthy animal? |
|
Definition
| -regen => difficult to detect lesions w/in days |
|
|
Term
| What lesions result from chronic/repeated toxin exposure? |
|
Definition
| -fibrosis and nodular regen |
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