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| Cells shorten when stimulated to produce or resist movement |
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| respond to chemical and/or electrical signals from other organ system |
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| can be stretched even beyond normal resting length |
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| recoil to original length after stretched |
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| "Same Strength"; muscle shortens & bones move while force remains constant |
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| "Same Length"; change in force/tension. but no change in sarcomere length & no movement |
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| Indiviual muscle cellss(fibers) arranged in bundles; surrounded by connective tissue called perimysium |
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| connective tissue that surround fasicles |
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| Whole muscle composed of many facicles surrounded by connective tissue |
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| Basic contractile unit in muscle cell |
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| When multiple motor neurons results in stronger contractions |
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| Thick filaments in center of sarcomere |
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| Thin filaments that are attached to z-disks at ends |
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| A chemical neurotransmitter |
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| 2 Basic Mechanisms by which the nervous system produces graded contractions |
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Definition
-Varying the number of fibers that contract together
-Varying the rate at which fibers are stimulated |
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Definition
| Rapidly delivered action potentials produce a graded contraction |
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| Skeletal Muscle Fibers Classified in which two ways |
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Definition
-As oxidative or glycolytic--Based on metabolism that produces ATP
- As fast-twitch or slow-twitch-- Based on the speed of muscle contraction |
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-Rely on aeroic respiration to generate ATP
-Have many mitochondria, a rich blood supply, and much myoglobin |
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-use anaerobic glycolysis as their primary source of ATP
-have less myoglobin and tire more easily
-In poultry and fish, light meat is composed of glycolytic fibers, while dark meat is composed of oxidative fibers |
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| Contract slowly, but sustain longer contractions--all are oxidative |
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| contract more rapidly, but sustain shorter contactions ( either glycolytic or oxidative) |
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| fluid-filled compartment; worms |
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| Hard encasement on outside of body; molluscs, crustaceans, insects |
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| Hard elements(bones) inside body; mammals and humans |
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| enlarged end of bone; composed of cancellous(spongy) bones |
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| shaft of a bone; composed of compact bone |
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| open space inside diaphysis filled with bone marrow |
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| Outer surface of a bone composed of connective tissue; contains osteoblasts |
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| circular structures in compact bones; |
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| contain central canal with blood vessels; Lacunae; hard matrix of calcium & phosphates |
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| contain a latticework of trabeculae, composed of minerals & cells; Less dense than compact bone; Spaces between trabeculae filled with marrow |
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| Strip of cartilage between epiphysis & diaphysis |
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| Breakdown (resorb) old bone matrix |
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| stimulates osteoclasts & increases blood calcium level |
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| inhibts osteoclasts & decrease blood calcium level |
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| fibrous connective tissue that attaches muscle to bones |
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| Muscle end attached to stationary bone |
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| muscle end attached to bone that moves across joint |
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| bones that attach to axial skelton(arms, legs) |
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| Muscles producing same movement |
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| muscle producing opposite movement |
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| slightly movable; found between verebrae & attach lower ribs to sternum |
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| immovable; mainly in skull |
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| freely movable; bones ends covered by hyaline cartilage & separated by fluid-filled syynovial cavity |
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| limbs moves away from midline |
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| limbs moves toward midline |
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| part moves around its own axis |
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| circular movement by a ball & socket joint |
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| is the study of the biological form (structure) of an organism |
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| is the study of the biological functions an organism performs |
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| basic unit of all living things |
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cover the outside of the body (epidermis)
lines organs & cavities within the body
absorb & secrete products
form glands (exocrine & endocrine) |
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| large, irregular;Epithelium |
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| Simple arrangement of Cells |
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Definition
| 1 single layer of 1 cell type |
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| Stratified arrangement of Cells |
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Definition
| 2 or more layers of same cell type |
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| Pseudostratified arrangement of cells |
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Definition
| false layered appearance; really a simple arrangement of irregularly shaped cells attached to basement membrane |
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Definition
| Allow stretch & bend between cells |
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| seal membranes of adjacent cells so nothing can pass between them |
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Definition
Channels between adjacent cells allow movement of ions or small molecules
Allow communication signals between cells |
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| secrete products into ducts |
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| secrete hormones into blood |
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bind and connect structures
support & protect organs
store fat (which cushions & insulates)
transports substances in body |
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| provide strength, durability, flexibility |
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Definition
| stretch and snap back to their original length (like a rubber band) |
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Definition
| join connective tissue to adjacent tissues |
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| Loose connective tissue (areolar) |
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Definition
| binds epithelium to underlying tissues; holds organs in place |
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Definition
| is a strong and flexible support material; connective tissue |
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| Fibrous connective tissue |
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Definition
| is found in tendons and ligaments; contains closely packed collagen fibers |
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Definition
| stores fat for insulation and fuel; connective tissue |
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Definition
| is composed of blood cells in plasma matrix;connective tissue |
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| is mineralized and forms the skeleton; connective tissue |
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Definition
| consists of long cells called muscle fibers, which contract in response to nerve signals; skeleton muscle; smooth muscle; cardiac muscle |
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Definition
| senses stimuli and transmits signals throughout the animal; neurons and glia |
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| to maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of conditions in the external environment |
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| high, constant body temp maintained by heat generated by metabolism; mammals |
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| body temp determined by environment |
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Definition
| is the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
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Term
| Basal metabolic rate (BMR) |
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Definition
| is the rate of energy used by an endotherm at rest at a “comfortable” temperature |
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Term
| Standard metabolic rate (SMR) |
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Definition
| is the metabolic rate of an ectotherm at rest at a specific temperature |
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Definition
| is a physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases |
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Definition
| or summer torpor, enables animals to survive long periods of high temperatures and scarce water supplies |
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| is long-term torpor that is an adaptation to winter cold and food scarcity |
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