Term
|
Definition
| -inflammaiton of the SI, more broad usage may refer to inflammation in any part of the intestinal tract |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Typhlitis/Cecitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the cecum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the colon or LI |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Enterocolitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of SI and LI |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Typhlocolitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the cecum and colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the colon or LI |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Enterocolitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of SI and LI |
|
|
Term
| Definition: Typhlocolitis |
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the cecum and colon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -inflammation of the rectum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -excess water in feces relative to the amount of dry matter (diarrhea > 85% water) |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of water is in most feces? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can diarrhea lead to? |
|
Definition
-electrolyte depletion, acid-base imbalance, dehydration and hypovolemia, which can become life-threatening
-may also contribute to abnormal protein metabolism |
|
|
Term
| How does diarrhea contribute to abnormal protein metabolism? |
|
Definition
-dec protein intake
-malabsorption of peptides and AAs
-protein loss into the lumen of GI tract |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs does abnormal protein metabolism (w/ diarrhea) cause? |
|
Definition
-reduced weight gain
-cachexia
-hypoproteinemia (w/ edema and ascites)
-death |
|
|
Term
| Large SA is necessary for absorptive function and created by what? |
|
Definition
-coiling of intestine in body cavity
-intestinal mucosal folds
-intestinal villi lined by enterocytes (intestinal epi cells)
-enterocytes have a microvillous border |
|
|
Term
| What do crypt epi cells do? |
|
Definition
-replace other epi cell types
-do not have digestive capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -transport protein/Ag to underlying GALT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-function in mucus secretion
-more numerous distally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-tall columnar epi cells that line intestinal villi
-differentiate from crypt epi cells => move up villi => shed into the lumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the turnover rate for enterocytes in neonates? In adults? |
|
Definition
-neonates: 7-10d
-adults: 2-3d |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of enterocytes? |
|
Definition
| -perform final digestion and absorption of nutrients, electrolytes, and water |
|
|
Term
| What is the lamina propria? |
|
Definition
-stroma in core of villi
-loose fibrous tissue, blood vessels, and inflamamtory/immune cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -lymphatic vessels in villus, route of lipid transport from villus |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the SI? |
|
Definition
| -most fluid ingesta and secretions from stomach, pancreas and intestines are absorbed by enterocytes by the time it reaches the colon |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the LI/colon? |
|
Definition
| -conserves electrolytees and water by absorption |
|
|
Term
| Describe the anatomy of the LI that helps it perform its goal? |
|
Definition
-mucosa of cecum and colon lacks villi but has folds
-lined by a layer of absorptive epi cells and goblet cells
-colonic crypts are lined by epi cells that divide and differentiate to replace surface epi cells |
|
|
Term
| In general, what causes small bowel diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -results when content entering from SI exceeds the colon's finite capacity for absorption |
|
|
Term
| In general, what causes large bowel diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -results when colon is unable to handle normal fluid V from SI |
|
|
Term
Describe the following characteristics of small bowel diarrhea:
a) fecal volume
b) mucus
c) fat
d) urgency
e) straining
f) frequency
g) wt loss |
|
Definition
a) inc >3X
b) rare
c) occasionally
d) no
e) no
f) 3-5X daily
g) occasionally |
|
|
Term
Describe large bowel diarrhea based on the following characteristics:
a) fecal V
b) mucus
c) fat
d) urgency
e) straining
f) frequency
g) wt. loss |
|
Definition
a) inc 1-3X
b) common
c) no
d) yes
e) yes
f) >5 times daily
g) rare |
|
|
Term
| What are the mechanisms of small bowel diarrhea? |
|
Definition
-malabsorptive diarrhea
-secretory diarrhea
-effusive or exudative diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| How does malabsorptive diarrhea occur? |
|
Definition
-villous atrophy
-maldigestion due to abnormalities with digestion |
|
|
Term
| How does secretory diarrhea occur? |
|
Definition
| -excessive (active) secretion of luid (chloride and/or bicarb) w/out changes in intestinal perm (usually due to bacterial enterotoxins) |
|
|
Term
| How does effusive/exudative diarrhea occur? |
|
Definition
| -alteration in the osmotic gradient or inc in capillary or epi pem so that fluid flows out of the tissue and into the intestinal lumen (passive) due to mucosal damage |
|
|
Term
| Describe the mechanisms behind large bowel diarrhea. |
|
Definition
-reduction in colnic absorption due to epi damage or dysfunction
-secretion or effusion of luid into the colonic lumen may also contribute |
|
|
Term
| Villous atrophy can occur secondary to what? |
|
Definition
-inc loss of epi from villous surface
-damage to proliferating cells in intestinal crypts
-altered function of intestinal epi cells |
|
|
Term
| What is maldigestive diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -subset of malabsorptive in which abnomal digestion due to lack of pancreatic enzymes |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Hypersecretion occurs dependent of changes in perm or absorptive capacity of itnestine. |
|
Definition
| -FALSE, hypersecretion occurs independent of changes in permeability or absorptive capacity of intestine |
|
|
Term
| What causes secretory diarrhea? |
|
Definition
-excessive active secretion of fluid
-mucosa is typically intact and villi are of normal length |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cause of secretory diarrhea? Other causes? |
|
Definition
-bacterial enterotoxins
-others: cytokines, prostaglandins, and histamine |
|
|
Term
| What physiologically causes effusive/exudative diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -inc intestinal perm and osmotic gradient causes fluid to flow out of the tissue and into intestinal lumen |
|
|
Term
| What are some of the causes of effusive/exudative diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -portal hypertension, lymphangiectasia, and inflammation (inc vascular perm) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the physiology of large bowel diarrhea. |
|
Definition
-reduction in colonic absorption due to epi damage or dysfunction
-secretion or effusion of fluid into the colonic lumen may also contribute |
|
|
Term
| In which animals is rotavirus a cause of diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| -neonates in calves, piglets, and foals |
|
|
Term
| What effect does rotavirus have on the intestine? |
|
Definition
| -destroys epi over upper two-thirds of intestinal villi |
|
|
Term
| What is the major mechanism behind diarrhea caused by rotavirus? What other mechanisms are used? |
|
Definition
-malabsorption: secondary to villous atrophy
-also: secretory (due to enterotoxin) and effusion (infected epi cells make vasoactive amines) |
|
|
Term
| What effect does eneteric coronavirus have on the intestine? |
|
Definition
| -destroyes enterocytes at tips and sides of intestinal villi |
|
|
Term
| What is the major mechanism behind diarrhea due to coronavirus? |
|
Definition
-malabsorptive
-also some secretion |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by enteric coronavirus in pigs? |
|
Definition
-transmissible gastroenteritis (TGE)
-and porcine epiemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) |
|
|
Term
| What does enteric coronavirus cause in calves? What about in adult cattle? |
|
Definition
-diarrhea
0winter dysentery: blood-tinged diarrhea and dec milk pdn in young dairy cattle |
|
|
Term
| What does coronavirus cause in cats? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinial signs of wet form FIP? |
|
Definition
-systemic pyogranulomatous vasculitis leading to inc vascular perm
-abdominal distension w/ peritoneal and/or pleural effusion
-numerous, pinpoint or larger pyogranulomas over the intestinal serosa as well as the kidneys and other organs |
|
|
Term
| IN which species does parvovirus cause severe and often fatal diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the physiologic mechanism behind the diarrhea cuased by parvo? |
|
Definition
-attacks crypt cells of SI epi
-causes malabsorptive diarrhea with effusion due to mucosal damage |
|
|
Term
| What gross lesions occur due to parvovirus? |
|
Definition
| -segmental intestinal reddening w/ dull serosal surface: red-brown and fluid intestinal content +/- fibrinohemorhagic exudate |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose parvo infection? |
|
Definition
| -Ag detection in feces via ELISA |
|
|
Term
| What do we see clinically with acute BVDV infection? |
|
Definition
-usually results in subclinical infection
-mild clinical dz with anorexia, lethargy, mild oral erosions and possibly diarrhea in a few animals
-uncommenly, severe acute dz w/ high morbidity and mortality affects all ages: fever, diarrhea, pneumonia, sudden death |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to a highly-virulent strain of BVDV? |
|
Definition
-erosions or ulcers in oral and esophageal mucosa and rumen
-ulceration and hemorrhage of intestinal Peyer's patches |
|
|
Term
| What causes bovine mucosal dz? |
|
Definition
| -persisten BVDV infection |
|
|
Term
| What are the lesions seen with mucosal dz? |
|
Definition
-widespread mucosal ulceration
-Peyer's patch necrosis and hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs seen with mucosal dz? |
|
Definition
-anorexia, depression, watey diarrhea, fever, nasal discharge
-similar syndrome in lambs PI with border dz cirus |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose mucosal dz? |
|
Definition
| -ear nothc IHC or Ag ELISA = Ag detection and dx of BCDV PI |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology behind malignant catarrhal fever? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions are the result of malignant catarrhal fever? |
|
Definition
-vasculitus
-mucosal uclers and erosions (oral cavity and esophagus)
-gastroenteritis and diarrhea (occasionally bloody)
-resp form and KCS is most common in US |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by Salmonella spp in the intesstines? |
|
Definition
-hemorrhagic enteritis
-acute or chronic diarrhea and possible death
-sevee necrosis and inflammation |
|
|
Term
| Which species are especially affected by intestinal Salmonella? |
|
Definition
| -cattle, pigs, and horses |
|
|
Term
| Diarrhea due to intestinal salmonella is due to what mechanism primarily? What other mechanisms are involved? |
|
Definition
-destruction of villa
-others: exudation due to dec mucosal integrity and inflammation + active secretion due to enterotoxins |
|
|
Term
| Which Salmonella spp is the most common cause of enterocolitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to Salmonella spp? |
|
Definition
-denuded mucosa overlain by fibrinohemorhagic mat in SI and colon
-button ulcers: thrombosis of mucosal venules
-rectal stricutre in pigs: secondary to thrombosis
-bacteremia: petechiation +/- fibrinous polyserositis in septicemic form |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathognomonic sign for acute salmonellosis in calves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which organism is the most important cause of clostridial enteritis in domestic animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If C. perfringens is always present, what happens that makes it a clinical problem? |
|
Definition
| -produces exotoxins during excess growth inanaerobic environment: due to dietary change, antibiotics, reduced GI motility |
|
|
Term
| What does the diagnosis of C. perfringens require? |
|
Definition
-demonstration of enterotoxin in gut content
-large number of bacteria may be suggestive but it is not definitive |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to C. perfrigens? |
|
Definition
| -severe mucosal necrosis and hemorrhave due to exotoxin |
|
|
Term
| Which type of C. perfringens causes hemorrhgaic enteritis in piglets? Which other animals are affected? |
|
Definition
-type C
-also: lambs, calves, goat kids, and foals |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to C. perfringens type C? |
|
Definition
-severe SI mucosal necrosis and hemorrhage due to exotoxin
-intestinal lumen may contain blood |
|
|
Term
| What is necessary to make a diagnosis of C. perfringens? |
|
Definition
| -detect bacterial exotoxin |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for Colitis X in horses? |
|
Definition
| -C. perfringens type A or C. difficile |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for peracute hemorrhagic gastroenteritis (HGE)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In which dogs is HGE most common? |
|
Definition
| -mini and tow breed dogs < 2y |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see due to HGE? |
|
Definition
-acute, severe hemorrhagic diarrhea with marked hemoconcentration (PCV > 60)
-also have lethargy, vomiting, and abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to HGE? |
|
Definition
| -mehorhage and necrosis of GI mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see with hemorrhagic bowel syndrome of dairy cattle? |
|
Definition
-intraluminal hemorrhage w/ dark blood clots in feces
-large blood clots may lead to intestinal obstruction
-necrohemorrhagic jejuntiis or enteritis, high mortality rate |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see with colitis X in horses? |
|
Definition
-severe non-bloody and rapidly fatal diarrhea that may be asociated with exhaustrion, chock, or other stressors
-cecla and colonic mucosa are edematous, congested, and hemorrhagic |
|
|
Term
| What organism is responsible for Tyzzer's dz in foals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What animals are affected by Clostridium piliforme? What lesions do we see? |
|
Definition
-foals, rabbits, and rodents
-dark red intestine with blood-tinged content |
|
|
Term
| Which animals are most often affected by Lawsonia intracellularis? |
|
Definition
| -feeder pigs, young horses,and hamsters |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see due to Lawsonia intracellularis? |
|
Definition
-porfine proliferative enteropathy: mucosal proliferation and thickened mucosa in idstal SI and/or colon
-intracellular bacteria causes hyperplasia of intestinal epi cells
-diarrhea due to dec mucosal function, intestinal protein loss possible |
|
|
Term
| What organism causes Swine Dysentery? |
|
Definition
| -Brachyspira hyodysenteriae |
|
|
Term
| What age group of pigs are affected by swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs do we see with swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
| -large bowel diarrhea w/ mucus, blood, and fibrin in feces (Rice-water stool) |
|
|
Term
| What lesions do we see with swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
-colitis w/ superficial erosions and hypersecretion of mucus
- |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism behind the diarrhea due swine dysentery? |
|
Definition
| colonic malabsorption: epi damage |
|
|
