Term
| Which animals are affected by proventricular dilation dz? |
|
Definition
| -psittacine birds: African grey & Amazon parrots, macaws & cockatooes |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with proventricular dilation dz? |
|
Definition
-often fatal
-GI ileus
-wasting
-/+ neuro signs |
|
|
Term
| What causes proventricular dilation dz? |
|
Definition
| -caused by lymphocytic inflammation of GI ganglia and nerves +/- adrenal glands |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of proventricular dilation dz? How is it transmitted? |
|
Definition
-Bornavirus
-fecal-oral transmission |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose proventriuclar dilation dz? |
|
Definition
| -bx serosa of proventriculus or ventriculus or crop: Western blot for Ab or fecal PCR for virus |
|
|
Term
| What are the differentials of proventricular dilation Dz? |
|
Definition
| -intestinal obstruction, ileus of another cause, lead poisoning |
|
|
Term
| True or False: Vomiting is a neurologically mediated reflex act that can be triggered by both humoral and neural pathways. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the humoral input to trigger vomiting? |
|
Definition
| -blood and CSF into the CRTZ then to emetic center |
|
|
Term
| What is the neuro input to trigger vomiting? |
|
Definition
GI tract issues: ulcers, infection, pancreatitis, etc
-brain issues: head trauma, psychogenic, etc
-THESE GO STRAIGHT TO THE EMETIC CENTER |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 phases of vomiting? |
|
Definition
-nausea
-retching
-expulsion |
|
|
Term
| What are the criteria for concern over vomiting in dogs? |
|
Definition
-very frequent and large volume vomiting
-chronicity
-marked wt loss, malaise, or pain
-vomiting blood
-fever or PU/PD
-severe dehydration
-other PE abnormalities |
|
|
Term
| What methods do we use to further investigate vomiting as appropriate? |
|
Definition
-CBC & serum chem
-imaging
-endoscopy: especially duodenal exam |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-often used to sescribe 1-2 day episode of mild, acute, self-limiting vomiting without proof of inflammation
-treated symptomatically |
|
|
Term
| What is gastritis? What often accompanies it? |
|
Definition
-gastric inflammation
-often accompanied by hemorrhage, edema, excess mucus pdn, erosions, ulceration or necrosis |
|
|
Term
| How is gastritis clinically characterized? |
|
Definition
| -pain, anorexia, and vomiting |
|
|
Term
| What are the hallmarks of clostridial infections? |
|
Definition
-hemorrhage
-necrosis
-edema
-emphysema |
|
|
Term
| What is braxy? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-acute abomasitis of sheep and calves
-Clostridium septicum |
|
|
Term
| What causes the lesions seen with braxy? |
|
Definition
| -exotoxin pdn results in hemorrhagic or necrotic abomasal mucosal folds, with extensive edema and emphysema insubmucosa |
|
|
Term
| What causes death with braxy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two agents whose overgrowth/fermentation cause gastric inflammation? |
|
Definition
-Clostridium perfringens
-Sarcina-like organisms |
|
|
Term
| What is abomasal tympany? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of abomasal tympany? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-emphysema, edema, hemorrhage, inflammation, gas bubbles in abomasal wall, abomasal mucosa dark red to black
-caused by feeding milk replacer or cold/unhygienic colostrum to calves |
|
|
Term
| What causes edema dz? Which species is most affected? |
|
Definition
-E.coli: enterotoxemic colibacillosis
-post-weaning pigs (6-14w) |
|
|
Term
| What changes precede edema dz in post-weaning pigs? |
|
Definition
| -dietary change => E. coli proliferate in SI and pdc enterotoxin => enters bloodstream => induces vascular damage => fluid leakage |
|
|
Term
| Which places are affected by edema dz in pigs? |
|
Definition
| -gastric wall, eyelid, colon, mesocolon, CNS |
|
|
Term
| Which lesions are Helicobacter spp associated with? |
|
Definition
-gastritis and gastric ulcers in primates
-gastritis in dogs and cats |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by Pythium insidiosum in dogs? |
|
Definition
-oomycete infection that may cause GI lesions in dogs
-seen in warm and wet areas
-causes segmental thickening of the gastric or intestinal wall, granulomatous and eosinophilic inflammation with regions of necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Is the gastric inflamamtion or intestinal lesions worse with IBD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which species are affected by IBD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells composes the inflammation of IBD? |
|
Definition
| -lymphocytes and plasma cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do blister beetles cause in the horse? |
|
Definition
-necrosis, ulceration, and edema of non-glandular mucosa
-reddening of the glandular portion |
|
|
Term
| In which species does uremia cause gastric inflammation? |
|
Definition
| -dogs and cats, also horses |
|
|
Term
| What lesions occur in the stomach due to uremia? |
|
Definition
| -congestion, edema, hemorrhage, ulceration, and mucosal mineralization of the stomach |
|
|
Term
| What are the two most important gastric parasites? Others? |
|
Definition
-Important: H. contortus, Ostertagia spp
-Others: Hyostrongulus rubidus, GAsterophilis > Trichostrongulus axei, Draschia megastomata, Ollulanus tricuspis, Phyaloptera spp |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for Haemonchus contortus? Which species are affected? |
|
Definition
-barber pole worm
-ruminants |
|
|
Term
| What is caused by H. contortus infestation? |
|
Definition
-severe anemia, hypoproteinemia
-abomasal content may be fjid and dark red to brown
-rugae may be edematous (due to hypoproteinemia) |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for HYostrongylus rubidus infestation? Which species are affected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the lesions due to Ostertagia spp? What are they? What causes them? |
|
Definition
-Moroccan leather
-inflammation, mucous metaplasia, epi hyperplasia, raised nodular pale areas in abomasal mucosa, dec appetite, wasting, submandibular edema and diarrhea
-dec HCL pdn, protein loss |
|
|
Term
| Which species are infected by Gasterophilus spp? What lesions do they cause? |
|
Definition
-horses
-erosions and ulcers at the point of attachment |
|
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