Term
| Definition: Displacement (herniation) |
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Definition
-intestine displaced outside of the abdominal cavity by herniation
-intestine may be freely movable or may become entrapped
-blood flow may be maintained or compromised |
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Term
| What are the types of hernias? |
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Definition
-congenital or acquired
-inguinal, umbilical, diaphragmatic |
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Term
| How common is an umbilical hernia? Congenital or acquired? What is it? |
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Definition
-common
-often congenital and may be inherited
-intestine protrudes through patent umbilical ring |
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Term
| What is an inguinal hernia? Congenital or acquired? |
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Definition
-intestine herniates through patent inguinal ring
-may be either congenital or acquired |
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Term
| What is a diaphragmatic hernia? Congenital or acquired? |
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Definition
-abdominal viscera herniates into the thoracic cavity
-may be congenital but often acquired |
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Term
| What will the segments affected by an intestinal volvulus and torsion look like? |
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Definition
-distended (gas or fluid)
-dark red to black
-thickened and edematous
-congestion, edema, and ischemia |
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Term
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Definition
| -twisting at the mesenteric base across the long axis of the gut |
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Term
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Definition
| -twisting of the gut upon itself along the long axis of the organ |
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Term
| What are the secondary effects of intestinal volvulus & torsion? |
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Definition
| -ileus, toxemia, peritonitis |
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Term
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Definition
| -a segment of the intestine is entrapped within an opening (commonly epiploic foramen) |
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Term
| What are the results of intestinal strangulation? |
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Definition
-result in obstruction of efferent veins and intestinal lumen
-typicall well-demarcated, dark red and necrotic instestinal segment
-wall may be markedly thickened by congestion and edema |
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Term
| What are the common causes of obstruction? |
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Definition
-FB
-enteroliths
-impactted feed
-impacted parasites
-intestinal stricture (stenosis) |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of an intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
-anorexia
-vomiting
-abdominal pain/distention |
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Term
| What is intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
-due to stenosis, occlusion by an intraluminal object or compression from the exterior surface
-fluid and gas accumulate proximally and distend the intestine
-pressure necrosis with ulceration and/or perforation or rupture may be seen at the site of obstruction; chronically , stricture is possible |
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Term
| What are some possible causes of obsctruction? |
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Definition
-FB: linear FB
-enterliths
-impacted feed
-impacted parasites
-intestinal stricture (stenosis) |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
-anorexia
-vomiting
-abdominal pain/distention |
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Term
| What is intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
-due to stenosis, occlusion by an intraluminal object or compression from theexterior surface
-fluid and gas accumulate proximally and distend the intestine |
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Term
| What lesions are caused by intestinal obstruction? |
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Definition
| -pressure necrosis w/ ulceration and/or perforation or rupture may be seen at the site of obstruction; chronically, stricture is possible |
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Term
| What are enteroliths? Which specieas are most often affected by enteroliths? |
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Definition
-mineral concentrations in the gut
-horses |
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Term
| What lesions are due to foreign bodies? |
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Definition
| -impaction and intestinal rupture |
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Term
| Which animals are most often affected by impaction of parasites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What predisposes animals to feed impaction? |
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Definition
| -predisposed to by water deprivation, dietary change, poor dentition, intestinal stricture or abnormal intestinal motility |
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Term
| Does fibrinous peritonitis with free ingesta in the peritoneal cavity occur secondary to antemortem or postmortem intestinal perforation? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does stricture occur secondary to? |
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Definition
-inflammation
-fibrosis (scarring)
-neoplasia
-rectal strictures occur secondary to Salmonella in pigs |
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Term
| What is the pathophysiology behind strictures in pigs? |
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Definition
| -thrombosis/infarction of the rectal mucosa => heals by fibrosis => stricture |
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Term
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Definition
-telescoping of one intestinal segment into an outer sheath formed by another (usually distal) segment
-inner trapped segment = intussusceptum
-outer enveloping segment = intussuscipiens |
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Term
| What are the results of an intussusception? |
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Definition
| -results in obstruction and venous infarction, congestion, edema and necrosis |
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Term
| What does rectal prolapse often occur secondary to? |
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Definition
| -tenesmus or post-partum straining |
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Term
| What does a rectal prolapse look like? |
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Definition
-prolapsed segment is dark red and edematous
-surface mucosa is dry, inflamed, traumatized |
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Term
| What typically causes rectal tears in horses? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of full-thickness rectal tears? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the results of a partial-thickness rectal tear? |
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Definition
| -rectal diverticular with the potential for perineal abscess or pelvic cellulitus |
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