Term
| What are the 4 major components of breathing control? |
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Definition
-neural control
-bellow mechanism
-upper airway
-lung parenchyma |
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Term
| What two medullary groups are responsible for breathing? Active during inspiration or expiration? |
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Definition
-Dorsal resp group: active during inspiration
-Ventral resp group: active during expiration |
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Term
| There are central and peripheral chemoreceptors. What are the central ones sensitive to? What about peripheral? |
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Definition
-changes in [H+]
-peripheral (aka carotid bodies) are sensitive to changes in PaCO2, PaO2, pH, and perfusion pressure (glossopharyngeal n) |
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Term
| How do the lung receptors work? |
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Definition
| -carried central via the vagus n, responsible for inhibition of inspiration when the lung is inflated to exccessive volumes, various irritant receptors, J-receptors (induce dyspnea in resposne to expansion of the interstitial space V and various chemical mediator flowing tissue damage) |
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Term
| What are the muscles of repspiration? |
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Definition
-rib cage
-diaphragm: primary pulmonary muscle
-external intercostal (inspiration) |
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Term
| In which animal is expiration not passive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the tracheobronchial tree? |
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Definition
| -conduit for ventialtion and for tracheal and bronchial secretions, humidification and filtering of inspired |
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Term
| Which nerve innervates the diaphragm? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are the pulmonary capillaries high or low pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the lung lobes of the carnivores. |
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Definition
-L: divided cranially
-R: cranial middle, caudal, accessory |
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Term
| Describe the lungs of a pig. |
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Definition
-L: cranial, caudal
-R: tracheal bronchial, middle, caudal, accessory |
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Term
| Describe the lungs of a ruminant. |
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Definition
-L: cranial
-R": cranial (tracheal bronchus), middle, caudal, accessory |
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Term
| Describe the lungs of a horse. |
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Definition
-L: cranial, caudal
-R: cranial, caudal, accessory |
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Term
| Where in the lung are the largest alveoli? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where in the lunb is the blood flow the larges? Why? |
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Definition
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Term
Definition: Functional residual capacity
-how is it measured? |
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Definition
-the lung volume at the end of normal expiration
-measured via nitrogen wasthout, helium washout, or bodyd plethysmography |
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Term
| What are a few factors that affect functional residual capacity? |
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Definition
| -body habitus, sex, posture, lung disease, diaphragmatic tone |
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Term
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Definition
| -tidal volume + exp reserve volume |
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Term
| At which point during forced exhalation can airways that lack cartilaginous support collapse? |
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Definition
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Term
| Both the lungs and the chest have elastic properties. The elastic recoil of the lung is measured in terms of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Pressure within the alveoli is always greater than the surrounding pressure. |
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Definition
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Term
| How does surface tension relate to alveolar collapse? |
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Definition
| -alveolar collapse is directly prop to the surface tension, thus the surfactant (that dec surface tension) inc as alveoli become smaller |
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Term
| How does general anesthesia affect respiratory function? |
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Definition
-alters resp function in upper and lower airways
-marked dec in FRC )due to diaphragm and chest wall relaxation)
-hypoventilation |
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Term
|
Definition
-dec PaO2
-hypoventilation
-more consistent plane of aneshtesia
-Atalectasis: lungs collapsng |
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Term
| What are the three types of atelectasis? How is it treated? |
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Definition
-pulmonary atelectasis (>90%), compression atelectasis, absorption atelectasis
-usually resolves in less than 24 h |
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Term
| What is the equation for miinute ventilation? |
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Definition
| -minute ventilation = resp rate X frequency |
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Term
| What is the typical ventilation dead space in dogs? What about in cattle and horses? |
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Definition
-Dogs: 35%
-Cattle and horses: 50% |
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Term
| What is the function of ventilation during inspiratory phase? |
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Definition
| -generate TV by producing constant pressure gas flows along a pressure gradient |
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Term
| What is the function of ventilation during transition from inspiration to expiration? |
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Definition
| -termination of inspiratory phase is generated at a rpeset time or inspiratory pressure |
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Term
| What is the funciton of ventilation during expiratory phase? |
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Definition
| -reduction in airway pressure to ATM pressure (passive process) |
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Term
| What is the function of ventilation during the transition from expiration to inspiration? |
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Definition
| -starts inspiration at a rpesent time or present pressure |
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Term
|
Definition
-intermittent mandatory ventilation
-patient can breath b/n controlled breaths |
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Term
|
Definition
-synchronized intermittent mandatory ventilation
-ventilator times the patient breath with sensing hte drop in pressure that would indicate a spontaneous breath |
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Term
| From inspiration to expiration, we can terminate this phase based on what three factors? |
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Definition
-time: faster breath = mroe damaging to bronchioles
-volume: just delivers the tidal volume regardless of pressure
-pressure: will deliver the tidal vole that match that pressure |
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Term
| What happens pressure-wize during expiration? |
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Definition
| -lungs return to atmospheric pressure |
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Term
| What is atmospheric pressure at sea level? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anesthesia ventilators are classified based on what 5 factors? |
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Definition
-major control variable
-power source
-drive emchanism/ circuit
-cycling mechanism
-bellows |
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Term
| What are the 2 different types of major control variables? Describe them. |
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Definition
-Volume: present V of gas is delivered
-Pressure: peak inspiratory pressure are set and is held for the duration of inspiratory time |
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Term
| What are the different power sources that are used for ventilators? |
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Definition
-electrical
-compressed gas
-or both |
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Term
| What are the diffferent driving mechanisms used for ventilators? |
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Definition
-compressed gas: dual circuit
-electronically driven: pistol driven breaths |
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Term
| What is the most common driving mechanism type in vet med? What are its parts? |
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Definition
-dual circuit
-bellows + houseing + exhaust valve + spill valve + ventilator hose connector |
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Term
| What are the two types of bellows? Describe them. |
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Definition
-Ascending/standing: goes down when breath is given (pushed down by driving gas)
-Descending (hanging): goes up when breath is given but not really used anymore |
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Term
| How does inspiration work on a standing dual circuit ventilator? |
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Definition
| -driving gas enter, pushing the bellow down and breath into the patient |
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Term
| How does expiration work on a standing dual circuit ventilator? |
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Definition
| -expiration pushes bellows up, pushing driving gas out |
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Term
| What is the driving mechanism in a single circuit ventilator? Parts? |
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Definition
-piston driven (electric)
-Parts: cylinder + piston linear accelerator + rolling diaphragm + pos/neg pressure releif valves |
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Term
| What does a cycling mechanism do? How does it usually work? |
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Definition
0controls how the ventilator cycles from inspiration to expiration
-timin device |
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Term
| What are the 3 factors that affect tidal volume on aneshtesia ventilators? |
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Definition
-fresh gas flow
-compliance and compression volumes
-leaks |
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Term
| What are the two types of pressure monitoring alarms? |
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Definition
| -high and low pressure alarms |
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Term
| True or False: Vet machines do compensate for fresh gas flow during inspiration thus tidal volumes cannot be higher than the set values based on fresh gas flow rates. |
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Definition
| -FALSE!!!! Vet machines do NOT compensate for fresh gas flow during inspiration thus tidal volumes CAN be higher than the set values based on fresh gas flow rates |
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Term
| LOOK AT THE MATH PROBLEM ON SLIDE 31!!!! |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you set up a ventilator? |
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Definition
-ensure power
-connect ventilator hose to the scavenging system
-connect the ventilator hose (remove the reservoir bag and close APL valve)
-allow the bellows to fill
-initiate ventilation that has been pre-determined |
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Term
| LOOK AT THE PRACTICE PROBLEMS AT THE END OF THE VENTILATORS PP!!! |
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Definition
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