Term
| Describe the relationship b/n a canine's C1 and C2. |
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Definition
| -spinous process of C2 should overlap C1 |
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Term
| Which of the cervical vertebrae has the largest transverse processes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the anticlinal vertebra? Which is it usually in dogs? |
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Definition
-the transition b/n tall and short spinous processes
-T11 |
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Term
| In which types of dogs are canine congenital malformations more common? Are they incidental or pathologic? |
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Definition
-chondrodystorphic dogs screw tail, and brachycephalic breeds
-most are incidental, but they can lead to instability or directly cause cord compression |
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Term
| What are our 5 examples of congenital malformations? |
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Definition
-block vertebrae
-hemicertabrae
-spinaa bifida
-transitional vertebrae
-spinal curvature: kyphosis, lordosis, scoliosis |
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Term
Definition: Block vertebrae
-importance? |
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Definition
-failure of segmentation of the somites during embryogenesis
-usually insignificant: but can add stress to disc space cranial or caudal to ti |
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Term
Definition: Hemivertebrae
-in which dogs is it common? |
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Definition
-malformation or displacement of somites during embryogenesis or failure of ossification of a protion of the vertebral body
-brachycephalic |
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Term
| What is the most common vertebral anomaly? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the radiographic finding associated with hemivertebrae? |
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Definition
| -abnormally shaped vertebra: smaller than normal and wedge-shaped on lateral view |
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Term
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Definition
| -dorsal deviation of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| -ventral deviation of the spine |
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Term
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Definition
| -lateral deviation of the spine |
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Term
| What is a butterfly vertebrae? What does it look like? |
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Definition
-type of hemivertebrae with a midline defect throughout the length of the vertebrae
-looks like a butterfly on DV |
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Term
| What is spina bifida? In which animals is it common? |
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Definition
-incomplete formation of dorsal lamina
-common in screw-tail dogs and manx cats |
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Term
| What does spina bifida look like? |
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Definition
| -double spinous process or lack of spinous process |
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Term
| What is a transitional vertebrae? At which locations is it most common? |
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Definition
-anomalous formation occurring at the junction of a spinal segment so that the vertebra assumes characteristics of both segments
-TL and LS |
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Term
| What does transitional vertebrae look like at T-L? L-S? |
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Definition
-T-L: lack of the ribs at T13, ribs instead of transverse process at L1
-L-S: fusion of L7 to the sacrum, transverse process and discs b/n S1 and S2 |
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Term
| Atlantoaxial instability is common in which breeds? Ages? |
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Definition
-miniature breeds
-show signs before 1y |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of atlantoaxial instability? |
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Definition
-neck pain
-UMN signs to all limbs
-clinical signs worse with flexion of the neck |
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Term
| What can cause atlantoaxdial instability? |
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Definition
-congenital laxity of ligaments
-congenital hypoplasia of dens
-traumatic rupture of ligaments
-traumatic fracture of dens |
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Term
| What is spondylosis deformans? What can it be associated with? |
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Definition
-collar of new bone forming around the intervertebral disc
-may be associated with increased motion at disc space |
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Term
| Which age group is associated with spondylosis deformans? What is its significance? |
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Definition
-older animals
-usally incidental!! |
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Term
| What is discospondylitis? What can cause it? |
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Definition
-ifnectious process affecting the intervertebral disc and adjacent vertebral endplates
-typically associated with hematogenous infections
-common bacteria: Staph, E coli, Brucella |
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Term
| What are the radiographic changes that occur with discospondylitis? |
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Definition
-LYSIS OF THE ENDPLATES adjacent to disc space
-sclerotic bone adjacent to regional lysis
-as dz progresses, new bone pdn, sclerosis, narrowing of disc space
-often polyostotic |
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Term
| What is spondylitis? Causes? |
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Definition
-Inflammatory, infectious process of ther vertebrae
-Causes: hematogenous, paravertebral infection, foreign body migration |
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Term
| How does spondylitits appear radiographically? |
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Definition
-proliferative new bone on the ventral aspect of the vertebra or vrtebral lysis
-may be indistinguishable from tumor |
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Term
| What are the 5 common types of primary vertebral tumors? Are they mostly lytic or proliferative? |
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Definition
-osteosarcoma
-chondrosarcoma
-fibrosarcoma
-lymphoma
-multiple myeloma
-MOST ARE LYTIC |
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Term
| Where are the common locations for metastatic tumors of bone to come from? |
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Definition
| -prostate, bladder, urethra, mammary, perineal |
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Term
| What does IVDD stand for? |
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Definition
| -intervetebral disc disease |
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Term
| Describe the anatomy of IVDD? |
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Definition
-outer annulus fibrosis and inner nucleus pulposis
-annulus is thicker ventrally and laterally so herniation is typically dorsla |
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Term
| What is the purpolse of the intercapital ligament? |
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Definition
| -provide additional support to the dorsal annulus from T1-T10 |
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Term
| How does IVDD relate to age? |
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Definition
-common aging process
-in chondrodystrophic breed, it occurs early in life |
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Term
| What are the two types of IVDD? |
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Definition
-Hansen Type I
-Hansen Type II |
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Term
| Describe IVDD Hansen Type I. in which breeds does it occur? |
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Definition
-dis undergoes degeneration and mineralization (chondroid metaplasia) and acute herniation of the nucleus
-chondrodystrophic breeds |
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Term
| Describe Hansen Type II IVDD. In which breeds does it occur? |
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Definition
-fibroid metaplasia with incomplete annular rupture or protrusion of the disc (slower onset and often milder signs)
-non-chondrodystrophic breeds |
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Term
| Describe the radiographic findings associated with IVDD. |
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Definition
-narrowed.wedged intervertebral disc space
-reduced size/increased opacity of the intervertebral foramen
-narrowed articular process space |
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Term
| What is the doctor word for wobblers? |
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Definition
| -cervical spondylomyelopathy |
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Term
| What does "wobbler" mean? |
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Definition
| -clinical term for a large breed dog or horse with cervical spnal cord signs due to many causes |
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Term
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Definition
-compression of the spinal cord/nerve roots secondary to:
a) dorsal compression: ligamentum flavum, vertebral arch malformation
b) lateral compression: articular process and joint capsule
c) ventral compression: disc hernation, ligamentous hypertrophy ( dorsal longitudinal ligament) |
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Term
| What are the two types of wobblers? |
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Definition
-disk degeneration
-hourglass compression |
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Term
| Describe the Disk degeneration form of Wobbler. Where does it most commonly found? Breeds? |
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Definition
-Type II disc with or without ligamentous hypertrophy (usually dynamic)
-most common @ C5-6, C6-7
-common in middle age Dobermans |
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Term
| Describe the Hourglass compression wobblers. Type of dogs affected? Location? |
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Definition
-compression on all sides: annulus/DLL ventrally, processes laterally, LF dorsally
-at any level of the cord and may be dynamic |
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Term
| Describe the radiographic findings associated with Wobblers. |
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Definition
-vertebral subluxation
-narrowed disc space
-spondulosis deformans
-sclerosis/DJD of the synovial joints
-stenotic canal |
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Term
| What causes lumbosacral instability? |
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Definition
| -due to congenital or acquired biomechanicla changes that result in the clinical signs of caudal equie syndrome |
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Term
| What are some more specific causes of lumbosacral instability? |
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Definition
-IVDD at L6-7 or L7-S1
-DJD of the synovial joints
-congenital stenosis
-instability |
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Term
| In whate breeds of dogs is lumbosacral instability common? |
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Definition
| -large breed dogs, especially German Shepherds |
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of lumbosacral isntability? |
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Definition
| -pain, weakness, urinary and fecal incontinence, paresthesia, paraparesis, tail weakness |
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Term
| Describe the radiographic findings associated with lumbosacral instability. |
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Definition
-vertebral subluxation
-narrowed/wedged disc space
-excessive disc space movement on dynamic images
-decreased diameter canal
-spondylosis deformans
-articular DJD |
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