change in speed and/or direction

unit:a 

number of protons in nucleus 

i.e.: 8 protons=oxygen 

type of atom (i.e.: element) determined by number of protons in nucleus

i.e.: 1 proton=hydrogen atom

complied very accurate naked eye observations (late 1500s)

hired Johannes Kepler to explain data of planetary motion (1600); spent 18 years working with the data to uncover law of planets motion

473 A.D.-543 A.D.

Copernican Model: sun in center (Late Middle Ages)

Sun: 1,400 kg/m³

Mercury: 5,400 kg/m³

Venus: 5,200 kg/m³

Earth: 5,500 kg/m3

Mars: 3,900 kg/m³

Mercury: 0.39 AU

Venus: 0.72 AU

Earth: 1 AU (1.5 x 10¹¹ m)

Mars: 1.52 AU

by looking at spectra in detail, we can determine the motion of a distant object

formula:

v= c(λshift- λrest)

--------------------------

λrest

4200 B.C.-46 B.C

based on exact 365 day year 

- missed spring equinox every four years by one day

1905: Special Relativity theory

-matter and energy are equivalant 

E=MC²

e: energy 

m: mass

c²: (sped of light)²

objects that are moving/ have potential to move

-total energy is constant

-cannot be created/destroyed, only converted to another form

Conservation of Energy: energy of photon is exactly equal to difference of the electron

Forms:

-kinetic (moving)

- potential (may move in future)

-radiative (light energy) 

Spring Equinox:

-March 21

-equal length of days & nights

Fall Equinox: 

- September 21 

- equal length of days & nights

number of wavelengths that pass a particular point in given amount of time 

formula:

cycles

                                  -----------               = hertz (Hz)

second

electrons

quarks

perfected telescope in 1609 

first to cement Copernican Model

first to document phases of the venus (only possible if venus orbits sun, NOT earth)

-crescent

-gibbous

-full

-quarter

-new

1. orbit of each planet is an elipse with sun at one focus; cirlce is elipse with semi major- semi minor (1610)

2. as the planet orbits, it sweeps out equal areas during equal times; when a planet is near sun the speed of planet is greater (1610)

3. the square of the planets period (P²) is equal to the cube of the planets distance (a³) : P²=a³ (1618)

electromagnetic wave

transports energy

white light, visible light, black light'

spectrum (hightest to lowest): gamma, x ray, uv, visible, infrared, microwave, radio wave

emission

absorption

transmission

reflection/refraction/scattering

waves: disturbances having peaks and troughs

unit: Joules (J)

amount of matter that an object contains

unit: m

kilo: 10³

mega: 10⁶

giga: 10⁹

centi: 10^-2

milli: 10^-3

micro: 10^-6

binding of atoms

i.e.: 2 hydrogen with 1 oxygen (water, H₂O)

product of mass x velocity (p)

p=m x v

p: momentum

m: mass

v: velocity

moon makes one complete orbit around the earth: 29.5 days

measured from one new moon to the next

position relative to earth and sun, lunar phases

origin: 365.25 (days/year) ÷ 29.5 (days/month)= 12.8 (months/year)

Laws of Motion:

1. object in motion stays in motion, object at rest stays at rest (unless acted on by an outside force) "Law of Inertia"

2. force acting on a body; a= f/m or f=m/a (a:acceleratoin, f:force, m:mass)

3. for every action there's an equal and opposite reaction force; always in pairs

Law of Gravity:

F_M= GM_m

        -------

        r²

number of galaxies: 100 billion

number of stars: 10²² in visible universe, 100 billion in Milky Way

roman, Caesar

46 B.C.- 1582 A.D.

based on seasons

one year: time from one spring equinox to the next spring equinox

year broken into solar days, just under 365.25 days

orders: 10² = 2 orders of magnitude

10⁴= 4

10⁷= 7

*exponent gives order of magnitude*

average distance between earth and sun (AU)

1 AU= 150 × 10⁶ km or 1.5 × 10⁸ km

1 ly= speed of light × 1 year

1 ly= 63,200 AU

unit: ly

hypotenuse of 1 AU (right triangle with opposite angle of 1 arc sec)

1 pc= 206,265 Au

1 pc= 3.1 × 10¹³ km

1 pc= 3.26 ly

unit: pc

solid: particles held tightly in place (ice)

liquid: particles togther, move freely (water)

gas: particles are apart and move unconstrained (steam)

plasma: electrons become disassociated from atoms and molecules, form ions

full moon (farthest from sun)

new moon: sun, moon, stars (closest to sun) 

quarter moon: half way point (middle)

crescent moon: 1/8 point (second closest)

gibbous moon (second farthest)

particle of light

only have momentum and energy, NO MASS! 

product of constant h

                                       ------  = p

                                λ

h: plancks constant 

p: momentum 

energy: h•f

rate that energy is transported

energy

-----------

time

J/S= watt (w; unit for power) 

not fundamental, made of quarks 

protons: hold electrons via electric force

150 A.D. (500 years after Geocentric Model)

Ptolemy redefined geocentric model to explain retrograde motions

planets invisioned to travel around small circles as they orbit earth

radius: R_earth

sun: 108

mercury: 0.38

venus: 0.95

earth: 1 (6×10⁶m)

mars: 0.53

spin axis tilted 23.5° relative to plane of earths orbit around the sun 

during winter, northern hemisphere recieves less sunlight (average temperatures are lower, creating percipitation= snow!)

during summer, northern hemisphere recieves more sunlight (tilted more towards sun, average temperatures are higher)

Summer Solstice: 

June 21 

northern hemisphere 

longer days

Winter Solstice:

December 21

northern hemisphere

shorter days

atoms can emit/absorb light (photons) 

quantum theory: electron can only exist in certain energy orbits and nowhere inbetween, photons will only have certain energies/colors (energy of photon is quantized)

wavelength (color) of photon is related to its energy; equal to h×c

                                                                                                 --------

                                                                                                 energy 

each atom has unique color fingerprint 

always see the same face of the moon

moon rotates on its own axis in same time it orbits earth 

rotation and orbit periods the same, synchoronous rotation 

sun: ~6,000 K (Kelvin)

mercury: 800°F (sun side), -280°F (dark side)

venus: 880°F

earth: 62°F

mars: -60°F

knowing wavelength and frequency (speed) 

wavelength (m) × frequency (Hz): m×Hz

approximate, constant 

c=3 × 10⁸ m/s

c=wavelength × frequency (λ×f)

distance from one peak/ trough to the next peak/trough 

unit: λ

force due to gravity 

F_G=mg (weight; w)

F: force

m: mass

g: gravity

w:weight