Term
| What are the 3 implications of increasing worldwide water demands? |
|
Definition
1. Supply and Sustainability
2. Water Geopolitics
3. Changes in climate, weather, and consumption |
|
|
Term
| What does the graph of global water and population show? |
|
Definition
| Water consumption has increased from 500 to 4000 in 100 years (closely related to irrigation) |
|
|
Term
| What do the West and East US use the majority of their water for respectively? |
|
Definition
| Irrigation (west) and Thermoelectric power (east) |
|
|
Term
| What are the implications of basic water needs not being met in the future? |
|
Definition
| Disease from unsafe water, and death |
|
|
Term
| Less than __ % water is fresh enough to drink/irrigate, and ___ of that water is locked in ice. |
|
Definition
3% freshw
2/3 freshw locked in ice |
|
|
Term
| Where does 2/3 of the global precipitation fall? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the general pattern of precipitation worldwide? |
|
Definition
| varies dramatically from region to region |
|
|
Term
| How much of the world population uses groundwater for water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the rate of groundwater turnover? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What is the problem with using fossil water?
How much of groundwater is fossil water? |
|
Definition
It is not readily being recharged. Once it is gone, it's gone.
>3/4 |
|
|
Term
| Links between surface and ground waters are especially important in regions with ____. |
|
Definition
| low rainfall (arid and semi-arid) |
|
|
Term
| what is the Ogallala Aquifer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Memorize!:
Water is variable in what three things? |
|
Definition
1. space (locally--globally)
2. time (duration, frequency, hour-year)
3. Quality (sediment, contaminant, natural state) |
|
|
Term
| What challenge are managers faced with in managing for a level of rainfall? |
|
Definition
| There are ups and downs, droughts and wet years. You can't just manage for the average. |
|
|
Term
| "Watershed" is synonymous with ___ |
|
Definition
| drainage basin or catchment |
|
|
Term
| Watershed, drainage basin or catchment can be defined as: |
|
Definition
| area of land drained by a stream or river system |
|
|
Term
| management can be defined as: |
|
Definition
| act, art, or manner of managing, controlling, directing...other verbs similar |
|
|
Term
| the three principle aspects of watershed management are: |
|
Definition
1. Water
2. Shed... jk, land
3. Manipulation/management |
|
|
Term
Memorize!:
Four Objectives of Watershed Management |
|
Definition
1. maintain/increase water yields
2. maintain/increase water quality
3. Regulate timing of stream flow
4. Control excessive soil erosion and runoff |
|
|
Term
| The management of land for the “optimum” production of high quality water, the regulation of water yields and for maximum soil stability, along with other products of the land. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1st governmental watershed action:
1st US watershed action: |
|
Definition
1342 (Switzerland
1833 New York |
|
|
Term
Memorize!:
Water Resource Problems |
|
Definition
1. absolute supply
2. regimen (timing)
3. quality |
|
|
Term
| Solutions for Absolute Supply Problems |
|
Definition
1. Importation (roman aqueducts, lake alan henry, owens valley)
2. weather modification (cloud seeding)
3. Desalinization
4. reduction of evapotranspiration(veg management, channel design) |
|
|
Term
| Solutions for Regimen Problems |
|
Definition
1. Flood problems (decrease flow, increase channel capacity)
2. Low flow probs (reduce evap, increase storage) |
|
|
Term
| Solutions of Water Quality |
|
Definition
1. different source
2. better treatment
3. reduce bad land use and pollution |
|
|
Term
| How many US river basins are there in the contiguous US? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does USGS divide watersheds into? |
|
Definition
| HUC's, hydrologic unit codes |
|
|
Term
| study of landforms of the earth and the processes that shape them |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the topographic elements of drainage basins? |
|
Definition
relief
slope
stream channel system
shape and size |
|
|
Term
| What factors affect the flow of stream channels? |
|
Definition
Topographic relief
Geologic strata
Parent material
Soils
Vegetation
Riparian zone |
|
|
Term
| what end of the stream is the first order? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what end of the stream is the principal order? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| total length of all the streams and rivers in a drainage basin divided by the total area of the drainage basin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what factors affect drainage density? |
|
Definition
climate and physical characteristics
soil permeability
rock type |
|
|
Term
Higher Drainage Densities:
Respond: faster or slower?
Drain: faster or slower?
More or less channelized differences
Are they generally rugged or gradual?
Silty clay or porous? |
|
Definition
faster
faster
more
rugged
silty clay |
|
|
Term
Lower Drainage Densities:
Respond: faster or slower?
Drain: faster or slower?
More or less channelized differences
Are they generally rugged or gradual?
Silty clay or porous? |
|
Definition
slower
slower
less
gradual
porous |
|
|
Term
ratio of the Basin Area (Ab) to the area of a circle having the same perimeter (Ac).
What does it mean to be closer to 1? |
|
Definition
circularity ratio
more compact watershed |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Contour Lines |
|
Definition
Single continuous line always closes.
Spacing indicates steepness.
“V” indicates a draw or stream course.
“U” indicates a spur or ridge.
Parallel large streams and rivers. |
|
|
Term
| natural sequence through which water passes into the atmosphere as water vapor, precipitates to earth, and returns to the atmosphere through evaporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Arrange in order of fastest renewal time:
freshwater lakes
soil moisture
polar ice caps
rivers
glaciers
atmosphere |
|
Definition
atmosphere (1-12 days)
rivers (10-30 days)
soil moisture (week-year)
freshwater lakes (1-100 years)
glaciers (1-16000yr)
polar ice caps (>30,000 yrs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
The driving force behind the hydrologic cycle is energy received from solar radiation.
So + T + L + G + C + St = 0 |
|
|
Term
____ is the primary source of energy input
to the earth’s energy balance system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors Decreasing Amounts Energy |
|
Definition
1. Atmosphere thickness and density
2. Atmospheric pollutants
3. Earth axis position
4. Terrain features
Slope
Aspect
5. Terrain features
Elevation |
|
|
Term
| What happens when radiant energy strikes a surface? |
|
Definition
Absorption
Reflection
Transmission |
|
|
Term
| difference between incoming and outgoing radiation, energy available to do work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| as a body ____ energy its temperature rises and it in turn radiates energy, it is able to do work |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| amount of heat necessary to raise 1 gram of a particular substance 1°C |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| heat-temperature is a measure of the quality of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thermal energy which does not change the temperature of an object in a sensible fashion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| change directly from solid to vapor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transfer of heat through matter by means of intermolecular contact |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| transfer of heat by mass movement of the substance containing the heat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| horizontal movement of heat by air mass movement from one area to another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors in Convective Heat Transfer: |
|
Definition
1. wind speed
2. Temperature differences and vapor pressure gradients between surface and air
3. Surface roughness (surface area) |
|
|
Term
Active Surface Characteristics
Fixed
Variable |
|
Definition
Fixed
1. Slope, 2. Aspect, 3. Elevation, 4. Location with respect to other features, 5. Size (position and extent)
Variable____________
1. Land use
2. Vegetation |
|
|
Term
| What is the only significant form of recharge to the hydrologic cycle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Precipitation (5) |
|
Definition
1. Form - snow, rain, fog, sleet, hail
2. Storm types of cause - convection, frontal, orographic
3. Areal distribution - areal extent
4. Frequency distribution - time of occurrences
5. Intensity - amount per unit of time |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. adiabatic cooling
2. mixing of air masses
3. contact or radiation cooling |
|
|
Term
| cooling due to rising air-decreasing pressures, expansion results in a loss of heat energy and therefore cooling. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may cause clouds or fog but usually not precipitation- very hot moist air into cool air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| causes condensation on a surface but not precipitation |
|
Definition
| contact or radiation cooling |
|
|
Term
| What are the forms water vapor is expressed in? |
|
Definition
1. Relative humidity
2. Specific humidity
3. Absolute humidity
4. Dew Point |
|
|
Term
| What are the instruments used to measure humidity? |
|
Definition
Psychrometer
2. Hygrometer
3. Chemical hygrometer
4. Others
- infrared hydrograph
- dew point hygrometer
- hygrothermograph |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
. rising air cools and expands
. relative humidity incs. dew point and droplets form
. below 32 ice crystals form and there's a water/ice mix. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rain drop hits smaller drops and combines with them
then air currents in the wake pull in more drops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fog condenses on vegetation, resulting in drops |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| orographic, convectional, frontal storms |
|
|
Term
- Where: Mountainous country
- Created How: air rises over mountains, cools, and precipitation occurs
- Intensity: moderate to high for short periods - not as highas convectional storms.
- Totals: may be very high – durations may be long, several days to a week.
- Seldom any thunder and lightning.
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
- When: Summer thunderstorms(Spring or Fall)
- Created How: by uneven heating of air which sets up air currents.
- Where: Local area usually
- Intensity: may be very high, short duration, thunder and lightning usually. May have hail at start of storm
- Totals: flash floods are common
|
|
Definition
|
|
Term
• Cold air moves under warm air.
• Thunder and lightening on leading edge and hail.
• Usually a narrow area.
• Intensity high on leading edge
• Total amounts may be high |
|
Definition
| Frontal Storm- cold front |
|
|
Term
• Gentle to moderate widespread precipitation.
• Duration usually longer than with a cold front.
• Seldom thunder and lightning.
• Total amounts may be large |
|
Definition
| Frontal storms: warm front |
|
|
Term
| How is precip distributed according to latitude, elevation, distance from large water bodies? |
|
Definition
incrs. latitude= decrs. precip
incrs. elevation= incrs. precip
incrs. dist from water bodies= decrs. precip |
|
|
Term
| Annual US and Global Precipitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of gauges measure rain? |
|
Definition
Standard U.S gauge - most common
Sacramento gauge – more storage, used in remote areas
Tipping bucket gauge-
Weighing gauge – rain falls into a bucket on a scale and this records on chart. |
|
|
Term
Four ways to extrapolate gauge data to remainder of the watershed area: |
|
Definition
1) Arithmetic Mean
2) Isohyetal Analysis
3) Thiessen Polygon
4) Distance Weighting/Gridded |
|
|
Term
| The process in which rainfall or snowfall is caught by the vegetative canopy and redistributed as throughfall, stemflow and evaporation from vegetation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gross precipitation - net precipitation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| all precipitation falling as measured |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| precipitation reaching the ground under the canopy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Amount of Intercepted loss varies with |
|
Definition
1. Type and density of vegetation
2. Atmospheric conditions during and following precipitation
3. Type and amount of precipitation |
|
|
Term
| Water loss by vegetation (4 kinds) |
|
Definition
1. Leaf surface – rough and hairy will hold more water.
2. Bark- Rough bark will hold more water than smooth bark.
3. Density- little or no vegetation or thick stand
4. Type and Form-Deciduous trees vs. Conifers |
|
|
Term
| Water loss by atmosphere(2 kinds) |
|
Definition
1. wind
2. evaporation (amount and rate) |
|
|
Term
| Water loss by precipitation(2 kinds) |
|
Definition
Light rainfall –can be 100% loss to interception
Large storms – 10 – 15% or even higher amounts lost to canopy and litter interception |
|
|
Term
| Water loss by interception and redistribution as snow(6 kinds) |
|
Definition
1. Throughfall to ground
2. Increase in cohesion of flakes within snowmass
3. Dropping of snow from branches
4. Blowing of snow from branches
5. Running of melt water down tree trunk
6. Evaporation of melt water |
|
|
Term
| How do you measure interception? |
|
Definition
1. Standard rain gauges
-openings VS under canopy
2. Throughfall gauges
- in VS. out
3. Stemflow gauges
-surround tree trunk to collect water |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to figure out exact total loss from interception? |
|
Definition
| Some intercepted precipitation probably reduces transpiration losses. Therefore to figure out the exact total loss is difficult and must consider movements of precipitation (i.e. blowing, etc.) and reductions in transpiration losses. |
|
|
Term
| Water loss by evaporation (4) |
|
Definition
1. Vegetation
2. Soils
3. Surface Water
- streams
- run-off
- lakes
- oceans
4. Falling Precipitation |
|
|
Term
| The physical process by which a liquid is converted to a gas. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Factors influencing evap losses: |
|
Definition
1. Solar radiation intensity
2. Temperature
3. Humidity
4. Vapor pressure
5. Wind
6. Atmospheric pressure
7. Quality of water
8. Evaporation media – i.e., free water surface, soil surface, etc. |
|
|
Term
| increase in temperature ___ molecular activity, which ____ evaporation. Heat and energy are ___ and this is a cool/heat process. |
|
Definition
increases molecular activity
increases evaporation
heat and energy are consumed, this is a cool process |
|
|
Term
| If humidity is high, evaporation is ___ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Rate at which water vapor is determined by VP of water and VP of air |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does wind affect evaporation? |
|
Definition
increasing wind increases evaporation up to a constant
more surface area on waves increases evaporation |
|
|
Term
1. higher atmospheric pressure = __ evaporation
2. higher elevation increase = ___ evaporation, but usually not because of _____ |
|
Definition
1. less
2. more, lower temperatures |
|
|
Term
Increased salinity ____ evaporation.
Increased specific gravity of water ___ evaporation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the evaporative effects of snow, vegetation, and soil? |
|
Definition
snow reflects solar energy
veg. albedo is usually low, more heat
veg reduces wind
insulates air temp in summer and winter
litter reduces soil evap
soil______
moisture, color, supports veg, texture(fine dry deeper) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
pans of free water
atmometers (porcelain bulb, or paper)
evaporimeters (small pan)
lysimeters (in dirt)
Dalton's law |
|
|
Term
| process by which plants return moisture to the atmosphere |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plant water use varies according to: |
|
Definition
1. Topographic position
2. Meteorological conditions
3. Soil type
4. Time of year and day
5. Vegetative factors |
|
|
Term
| increase in photosynthesis/ light ____ transpiration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is availability more or less in finer soils? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Field capacity – Wilting point |
|
|
Term
| Transpiration ____ with age and state of growth up to full leaf development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Size of leaf surface in relation to plant size determines ___ ratio somewhat. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Larger root systems usually mean ___ transpiration; this also dries the soil deeper than just by evaporation from bare soil. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you measure transpiration? |
|
Definition
Closed Phytometer
Lysimeter
Runoff Plots
Shallow Water-Table
Plastic Tents
Hydrometric or Watershed Approach
Open Phytometer
Thornthwaite’s Formula |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vertical depth of accumulated snow in inches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| depth of water obtained by melting a given volume of snow |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ratio of water equivalent to depth of snow expressed as percent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| actual amount of liquid water in snow given as a ratio of water to snow pack – total water expressed in decimal form on weight basis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the energy to raise the temperature of a snow pack to 0 degrees C per unit area |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ratio of weight of ice to total ice and water |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what affects snow metamorphosis? |
|
Definition
| packing, settling, alt freezing and thawing, absorption of rainfall and melt water, condensation on snow |
|
|
Term
| excess of heat gains over heat losses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 losses of heat and 5 gains of heat? |
|
Definition
Losses: evap and re-radiation
Gains: incoming radiation, rainfall heat, soil heat, air conduction, vapor condensation |
|
|
Term
| runoff from snow pack doesn't begin until _______ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the best way to increase water yield in temperate regions? |
|
Definition
| manage snow instead of rainfall |
|
|
Term
| How can forest cover be altered to increase water yield? |
|
Definition
1. reduce density by thinning
2. clearcut in spatial patterns |
|
|
Term
| Snow deposition and redistribution depends on 3 things: |
|
Definition
1. wind causes snow accumulation in openings
2. surrounding canopy snow can be blown to openings
3. no interception losses in openings |
|
|
Term
| What conditions produce the highest snow pack yield? |
|
Definition
| concrete soil frost, heavy precip before snow, deep snow at peak, large amts of rain during snowmelt. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
infiltration
permeability
porosity
bulk density
soil moisture (av. water, wilting pt)
soil stability |
|
|
Term
| process by which water enters the soil. Essentially a surface phenomenon but may be affected by subsoils |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ungrazed and unburned areas with good soils usually will/ will not freeze solid. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| steeper slopes= more/less infiltration |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 3 things favor infiltration capacities? |
|
Definition
| coarse texture, high organic matter, loose structure |
|
|
Term
what's most efficient cover for soil?
pasture, native grass, native forest, field crops, row crops |
|
Definition
Native Forest
Native Grassland
Pasture
Field Crops
Row Crop |
|
|
Term
| how do you measure infiltration? |
|
Definition
infiltrometer
analysis of hydrographs |
|
|
Term
| The movement of water within the soil profile and below the surface. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forces move water down and laterally in soil? |
|
Definition
down= gravity and capillarity
lateral= calillarity |
|
|
Term
| what causes variation in vapor pressure? |
|
Definition
| varying temp and soil moisture levels |
|
|
Term
| The point at which plants can no longer extract water from the soil and will not recover from wilting |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do you measure soil moisture? |
|
Definition
Gravimetric Method
Tensiometer Method
Electrometic Method
Nuclear Method |
|
|
