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| Overarching set of assumptions that help guide research or explain phenomena |
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measureable behavior that is used to define some concept/variable for the sake of the experiment
ex. IQ test as a measure of intelligence |
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| Hypothesis that makes a stronger statistical claim by stating that the statistical significance will go in only one direction |
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| Hypothesis that states that the statistical significance will go in both directions |
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| The entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be made based on an experimental sample |
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| A subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment |
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| Cannot infer cause/effect; cannot manipulate variables; includes naturalistic observations, case studies, and surveys/self reports |
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| Cannot infer cause/effect; cannot manipulate variables; measures the relationship between 2+ variables based on active study or archival data |
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| Correlational Coefficient |
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Value that determines the strength (number) and direction (sign) of a correlational relationship
0.0 - .29 Weak +: direct
0.3 - .69 Moderate -: inverse
0.7 - 1.0 Strong
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| Intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals |
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| Can infer cause/effect because of the isolation of the causal variable; can manipulate the causal variable; can control potentially confounding variables |
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| What the experimenter manipulates |
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| What is measured as a function of the dependent variable |
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| Any trait that an individual brings to the experiment (sex, race, education level, etc.); must be taken into account |
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| any variable which, by poor research design or lack of control, can alter the results |
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| Separating participants into experimental and control group randomly and without bias |
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| "Repeated Measures" Design; every participant receives all conditions; counterbalance order of conditions to eliminate practice and fatigue |
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| Same procedures used in a laboratory experiment except it's conducted in a natural setting |
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| Quasi-experimental Research |
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| partially experimental in systematic ways; "Independent variable" is usually a subject variable; participants can't be randomly assigned to groups; dependent measures still designed scientificallly and still control over confounding variables |
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Definition
Study of the same subject(s) over a period of time
Pros
See individual patterns of development
Few subjects needed
Fewer confounding variables bc subject serves as their own control
Cons
Non-representative sample
Self attrition
Cross- generational problem
Age/history confound |
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Definition
Different age groups (cohorts) are measured on some behavior
Pros
Faster
Typically cheaper
Cons
Cohort effects |
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combination of cross-sectional and longitudinal techniques
ex. several cohorts also studied longitudinally |
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