youths that have been arrested four or more times; known as the “Chronic 6”

the tendency for youths to reduce the frequency of their offending behavior as they age; thought to occur among all group of offenders

father is the final authority on all family matters and shows complete control over his wife and children

viewpoint that encourages the state to take control of wayward children and provide care, custody and treatment to remedy delinquent behavior

transferring legal jurisdiction over the most serious and experienced juvenile offenders to the adult court for criminal prosecutions

questionnaire or survey technique that asks subjects to reveal their own participation in delinquent or criminal acts; typically accurate 

age that youths begin their delinquent careers; early onset is believed to be linked with chronic offending patterns

view that crime is a “normal” function of the routine activities of modern living; motivated offender, suitable target that is not protected by guardian

crime control policy that depend on the fear of criminal penalties such as long prison sentences for violent crimes; aim to convince law violators that the pain outweighs the benefits 

sending convicted offenders to secure incarceration facilities so that punishment is severe enough to convince offenders not to repeat

“Antisocial” a person lacking in warmth and affection, exhibiting inappropriate behavior responses, and unable to learn from experience 

explain delinquency using socioeconomic condition and cultural values 

- area undergoing a shift in population and structure, usually from middle-class residential to lower- class mixed use

cultural norms and values are passed down from one generation to the next

hypothesizes that delinquency is learned through close relationships with others; asserts that children are born good and learn to be bad from others

posits that society creates deviance through a system of social control agencies that label certain individuals as delinquent, thereby stigmatizing youths and encouraging them to accept this negative personal identity  “Social Responses”

a family unit composed of parents and their children; subject to great stress due to the intense close contact 

an environment of discord and conflict within the family which often follows with the children getting involved in delinquent behavior

any physical, emotional or sexual trauma to a child including neglecting to give proper care and attention for no reason

passive neglect by a parent or guardian depriving children of food, shelter, health care, and love

- home in which one or both parents are absent due to divorce or separation, children in such a situation may be prone to anti-social behavior

big families aren’t as common, middle child is more of a trouble maker

small group of friends who share intimate knowledge and confidences

involved in few delinquent activities and little drug use other than alcohol and weed; members more interested in social activities 

concentrates on drug use and sales but forgoes most delinquent behavior; drug sales are designed to finance members’ personal drug use

engages in serious delinquent behavior while forgoing must drug use; drugs are only used in social occasion

increasing 

tossing or flashing gang signs in the presence of rivals, often escalating into a verbal or physical confrontation 

fastest growing white gang, white supremacist