1. State the problem to study
2. Formulate a testable hypothesis
3. Design a study and collect data
4. Confront the hypothesis with data. Statistical methods can test whether it is consisten or inconsistent
5. Report the results to the community.

• Main effect is the effect of a single independent variable on the dependent variable, ignorign all other independent variables
• Interaction is the joint effect of all independent variables on the dependent variable

• Field experiments are conducted in a real-world setting (e.g. studying the aggression and intrusion of people in a parking lot with a confederate).
• Labs have more controle over variables (e.g. listening to classical music with eyes open vs closed)

• Experimental: when participants get so stuck up in a study they forget they are in an experiment (labs are high in this)
• Mundane: if the setting resembles the real world or not (labs are low in this)

• Norman Triplett (1897) 1st Social Experiment of bikers who competed against the clock
• Max Ringelmann (1880's) of pulling on the rope
• 1908: first two textbooks published
• 1924: another textbook
• Gordon Allport's 1954 who studied attitudes
• Kurt Lewis' person + situation = behavior
• WWII and the study of the Nazis and soldiers
• 1950's/60's: started becoming its own field (divided between behaviorism and psychoanalysts)

1. The researcher has control over the procedures
2. Random assignment

• Not the only social! Many animals have to work in groups to survive (like hunt and eat, support a group, raise young). 
• However culture is specific to humans (only ones that have a psyche that creates and takes part in culture)

• Shared Ideas: being able to meet unknown people but still have things in common due to culture
• Culture as a System: a network linking people
• As a Praxis: shared ways of doing things
• Information and Meaning: based on meaningful information

• Automatic: things your mind does that you don't need to think about (like organizing info, ignoring useless noises, etc.). It's fast, unconscious, inflexible and simple.
• Conscious: this performs complex operations. It does one thing at a time and is good at combining  information and reasoning.

• Asch and line test: 3 confederates and 1 participants-- judging the length of lines
• Milgram's shocking experiments

• Upward: comparing yourself to people better than you to do better (like a professional athelete)
• Downward: comparing to people lower to boost self-esteem (you get a better grade than someone and you feel good)

1. Appraisal: wanting to learn the truth about oneself and one's abilities
2. Self-Enhancement: want to learn favorable or flattering things about yourself
3. Consistency: getting feedback that confirms what you believe about yourself

Appraisal is the weakest, enhancement is the strongest.

Putting obstacles in front of yourself so an anticipated failure can be blamed on that.

Drinking before a test, or pulling an all nighter, so you can blame the failing grade on the lack of sleep.

1. Self-knowledge or self-concept: information about self
2. Interpersonal self or public self: self-presentation
3. Agent-self or executive functioning: decision making

Extended self is interpersonal self

Research has shown that people really do act according to how others judge them. However their own concept of what others think is bad. 

People are not often truthful and will not always be honest with feedback. People are not always receptive, especially to bad.

They researched the car ads. Ones with sexy ladies made guys like them better. However, the guys never knew this (proving introspection wrong). They said things like "it's better, blah blah." Not, there was a hot chick.

Stockings, always bought last one they saw.

• Reference: people remember information about themselves better than any other information
• Endowment: an item is more valuable when you own it

Debiasing: getting people to use deliberate processing rather than automatic processing.

Meta-cognition: thinking about thinking

Gambler's Fallacy

Hot Hand

Believe that particular chance event is affected by previous events and it will even out.

Gamblers can go on a "hot streak"

People who want to change who they are tend to remember their lives different so they seem consistent and match (book: Robertson running for president, disregarding God then using God).

People will shuffle and edit facts in their memory to fit what is relevant. "I thought so all along."

• Stroop test (reading colors that are colored differently): realllll easy to just read the letters
• You do not need to be aware of automatic thinking, not do you intend to do it. They are not deliberate and efficient.

• Schemas: a knowledge structure that represents substantial information about a concept, its attribrutes and relationships (dancing schema: movement, rhythm, repetition, music, romance, fashion, art, etc.)
• Priming: process by which a given stimulus activates mental pathways, enhancing accessibility (hearing doctor will make you think of nurse, hospital, bed etc.)

Priming is how schemas work. Hearing one word of a schema can activate all those pathways in your memory linking it to the other concepts that are part of the schema.

Things you hear or experience before you meet a person can affect what you think of them.

Study: people were asked to read either a set of words (reckless, conceited, etc. OR adventurous, self-confident, etc.) and then in a separate experiment rate a picture of a man skydiving, racing, etc. People who read the bad words didn't like him cause they were primed with negative thoughts.

Men claim to having more partners because it makes them seem handsome, charming and virile. Men will lie to make up more.

Women claim to having less partners because they value being choosy. They also look down on having a high number. Women will conveniently "forget" of some partners.

• Affect: feelings about self, others and social issues
• Behavior: actions
• Cognition: thought processes

• DOES NOT PROVE CAUSATION
• Values range from -1 to +1
• 3rd variables can be present

Experimental Studies

What are confounds?

What is between vs. within?

• Contain IV (manipulatable) and DV (not manipulatable)
• Confound: anything other than the IV that can change the DV
• Between subjects uses random assignment to put subjects in each condition. Within puts each participant in each assignment.
• Strengths: can show causation and eliminate confounds
• NOT REAL YO

• Studied if severe intiation made a group more desirable. YES!
• Cover story was to listen to sexy things
• IV: no intiation, reciting words, reciting scandalous words
• Listened to recorded conversation
• DV: rate value of discussion and other participants
• Confound: sexual arousal played a role

What is the evolutionary approach?

What are modules?

• Knowledge and principles from theories of evolution are applied ot the mind
• Characteristics and not the individual are naturally selected in the form of modules
• Modules are independent mechanisms in the brain that work to solve problems (ex: attracted to women with higher pitched voices b/c they healtheir and shit)