Term
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Definition
-organization/information(DNA)
-need energy source
-reproduction/evolution
-born/die |
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Term
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Definition
| progressive loss of information (when effects become irreversible |
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Term
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Definition
| constant internal environment |
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Term
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Definition
-make proteins which are responsible for our structure, function, and metabolism
-cannot reproduce without it |
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Term
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Definition
| an organized system that requires a constant input of energy to survive |
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Term
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Definition
| process energy that was originally captured by other living things |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fix energy by reducing hydrogen sulfide |
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Term
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Definition
| all living things are able to make copies of themselves |
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Term
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Definition
groups of organisms that
1. can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
2. share a set of traits in common that distinguishes them from other such groups
3. is an evolutionary lineage that persists, ancestor to descendant, over time |
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Term
| number of species on earth? |
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Definition
known: 2 million
total: ~8.7 million (as of '11 not including prokaryotes) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
total: 50,000
fish: 25,000
birds: 10,000
reptiles: 10,000
amphibians: 6,000
mammals: 5,000 |
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Term
| # flowering plant species |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| difficulties with recording species |
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Definition
-no central database
-cryptic species
-species named more than once
-polymorphic species
-extinct species |
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Term
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Definition
| closely related to another species but biologically different |
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Term
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Definition
| members of the same species but possess different phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
| used to describe extinct species that has a great deal of variations among specimens attributed to the species-when in reality the fossils may represent several species but there is not enough information to tell |
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Term
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Definition
| ~10% less for microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
-all organisms on earth descended from a single common ancestor (1.7 billion years ago)
-single species/cluster of organisms freely sharing genetic material |
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Term
| largest group of unsubscribed species |
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Definition
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Term
| old classification of species |
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Definition
"five kingdoms"
-prokaryotes
-eukaryotes
-plants
-fungi
-insects |
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Term
| "three within a tree" phenomenon |
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Definition
-variations among what seem to be a similar species
-much of the diversity we see in nature is variation on a theme created by a single, successful, common ancesotr |
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Term
| new ideas on the tree of life |
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Definition
three major domains of living things
1. bacteria (prok)
2. archaea (prok)
3. eukaryotes |
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Term
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Definition
-state of organization not taxonomic group
-no nucleus
-most ancient, most abundant, and most metabolically diverse organisms
1. bacteria
2. archea |
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Term
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Definition
**heterotrophs/prokaryotes
-proteobacteria
-cyanobacteria
-gram-positive bacteria
-chlamydias
-spirochetes |
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Term
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Definition
-large/diverse group
-can be photoautotrophs, chemoautotrophs, and heterotrophs |
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Term
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Definition
-proteobacteria
-produce "fruiting bodies" under conditions of starvation
-live in soil and "glide" along solid surfaces |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-probacteria
-live in the roots of plants |
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Term
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Definition
-probacteria
-tiny pathogens that live within the cells of animals |
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Term
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Definition
***heterotroph
-most distinctive bacteria
-move by a spiraling corkscrew motion
-free living/parasitic
-cause syphilis and lyme's disease |
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Term
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Definition
-most abundant organisms on the planet
-very ancient
methanogens- break down methane
extreme thermophiles- live in extremely hot environments
streme halophiles- live in extremely salty environments |
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Term
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Definition
-have nuclei/membrane-bound organelles
-11-20 eukaryote kingdoms |
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Term
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Definition
-unicellular eukaryotes
-many groups of distantly related protists which are now thought of as "kingdoms" in their own
-some independently acquired photosynthesis and become "algae"
-some became multicellular |
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Term
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Definition
-eukaryotes
-decomposers, parasites, mutualisms
-four major groups
1. chrytridomycots
2. zygomycots
3. ascomycots
4. basidiomycots |
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Term
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Definition
-fungi
-includes green plants and basal "brush"
-cholorophyl a and b |
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Term
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Definition
-include several groups of multicellular, terrestrial photosynthesizers, including
1.bryothytes-mosses
2.pteridophytes-ferns
3.gymnosperms
4.angiosperms-flowering plants |
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Term
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Definition
-true lineage of multicelluar organisms evolved from one line of protists
-30 present day animal phyla |
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Term
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Definition
| many individuals of a single species |
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Term
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Definition
-populations of organisms living together
-organisms create habitats for other organisms (do not exist in isolation) |
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Term
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Definition
-genetic diversity
-taxonomic diversity
-communities/ecosystems organization |
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Term
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Definition
-diversity of populations within a species
-survival is dependent on changes |
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Term
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Definition
number of species
1. in a given habitat at one time (alpha)
2. accounting for the diversity of habitats, and the changes in species from one to the next (beta)
3. total number of species (gamma) |
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Term
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Definition
-codependent
-evolution comes from ecology BUT ecology is caused by evolution
ex. widely disparate types of plant evolve, widely disparate types of pollinators evolve to exploit plants |
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Term
| Darwin's Hawkmoth (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| very long corollas that effectively force the moth to push it's face into the stamens in order to reach reward (moths are not after pollen so they must be tricked into transporting it, white flowers that are heavily scented and open at night, offer small amounts of concentrated nectar |
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Term
| flies (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
open flowers, easy to reach pollen, accessible nectaries. large amounts of pollen because most of the visitors are after pollen
-open, odd smell |
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Term
| long-tongued bees (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| bees-moderately long corollas, flowers are white, blue, yellow, infrared, small amounts of sucrose-concentrated nectar, sometimes a “landing pad” for bees, and sometimes petals that must be pushed apart for the bee to reach the nectar. Scented flowers, open in daytime. Sticky pollen that bees can easily collect and transport, nectar guides |
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Term
| short-tongued bees (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| bees-white, yellow, infrared flowers, short corollas with easily available pollen, no special tricks with petals, but usually asymmetric. Scented flowers open in daytime. Sticky pollen. Sucrose-dominated nectar in variable amounts. |
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Term
| bumblebees (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| as with long-tongued bee flowers, but bee must hang upside and buzz to release pollen. |
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Term
| butterflies (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| as hawkmoths, but flowers run more to the pink or lavender and have a landing platform. |
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Term
| hummingbirds (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| red flowers (only vertebrates see that color well) with very long corollas and large amounts of dilute nectar, flowers open in daytime, and bird is forced to push face into stamens in order to feed. No scent. |
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Term
| bats (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| amounts of dusty pollen that will stick to mammal hairs, very big flowers that bats can reach into with their faces, open at night, |
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Term
| beetles (pollination syndrome) |
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Definition
| flowers smell like carrion (dead flesh( and offer large amounts of pollen |
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Term
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Definition
| a distinct form or race of a plant or animal species occupying a particular habitat. |
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Term
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Definition
behavior by natural selection
Zonosemata wing experiment |
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Term
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Definition
behavior by natural selection
Zonosemata wing experiment |
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