Term
| Population in the USA consists of more men or women? |
|
Definition
| women (50.8%) compared to men (49.2%) |
|
|
Term
| Leading causes of women dying while giving birth in the 17th and 18th century? |
|
Definition
| Exhaustion, dehydration, infection, hemorrhage, or seizures |
|
|
Term
| Approximately __% of all children died before age 5, compared to the ___% infant mortality rate of today? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| post-graduate training in the care of normal pregnancy and childbirth and is certified by the American College of Nurse Midwives (ACNM) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a birth assistant who provides emotional, physical, and educational support to the woman and family during childbirth and the postpartum period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The delivery of safe, satisfying, high-quality health care that focuses on and adapts to the physical and psychosocial needs of the family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A process of assessment, planning, application, coordination, follow-up, and evaluation of the options and services required to meet an individual's health needs through communication and available resources to promote quality cost-effective results |
|
|
Term
| Healthy People 2020 Major Concerns of the 21st Century |
|
Definition
-Physical activity
-Overweight and obesity
-Tobacco use
-Substance abuse
-Responsible sexual behavior
-Mental health
-Injury and violence
-Environment quality
-Immunizations
-Access to health care |
|
|
Term
| Definition of health according to WHO |
|
Definition
| A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity |
|
|
Term
| Healthy People 2020- National Health Goals - Maternal, Infant, & Child |
|
Definition
-Reduce the rate of fetal and infant deaths
-Reduce the rate of maternal mortality
-Reduce the 1-year mortality rate for infants with Down Syndrome
-Reduce maternal illness and complications due to pregnancy
-Reduce C-sections among low-risk women
-Reduce preterm births
Etc..... |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Incidence or number of individuals who have died over a specific period (Presented as rates per 100,000) |
|
|
Term
| Neonatal mortality for infants <1 year, 28 days- <1 year, and <28 days are highest among what race? |
|
Definition
| African Americans (Blacks) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Annual number of female deaths from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management during pregnancy and childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy |
|
|
Term
| In what race do the women suffer maternal mortality ratios far higher than those of other ethnic groups? |
|
Definition
| About 46/100,000 African Americans die due to childbirth |
|
|
Term
| What has drastically decreased the morbidity and mortality in the past several decades? |
|
Definition
| Increased emphasis on hygiene, good nutrition, exercise and prenatal care for all women. |
|
|
Term
| Leading cause of infant mortality rate in the USA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ mortality is a major but often overlooked problem? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leading causes of pregnancy-related mortality? |
|
Definition
| Hemorrhage, infection, preeclampsia/ecclampsia, obstructed labor, and unsafe abortion |
|
|
Term
| What are some reasons as to why immigrant women do not receive good prenatal care? |
|
Definition
| Language and legal barriers |
|
|
Term
| Evidence based nursing practice |
|
Definition
| Use of research to establish a plan of care and to implement that care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The intrauterine death of a fetus at 20 weeks or more of gestation per 1,000 live births |
|
|
Term
| What factors contribute to fetal mortality rate? |
|
Definition
Maternal factors- malnutrition, disease, or preterm cervical dilation
Fetal factors- chromosomal abnormalities or poor placental attachment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of infant deaths occurring during the first 28 days of life per 1,000 live births |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The number of deaths occurring in the first 12 months of life |
|
|
Term
| At what week is a fetus considered viable? (Can be resuscitated and possibly live) |
|
Definition
24 weeks.
Some hospitals as little as 22 weeks. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three levels for the number of weeks a hospital will deliver at? |
|
Definition
Level I = Delivers all babies regardless of age
Level II = Only delivers 28-32 weeks and beyond, no NICU
Level III = Only due term, transfer everything else |
|
|
Term
| Which two races have consistently had higher infant mortality rates than other ethnic groups? |
|
Definition
| African American and American Indian/Alaska Native |
|
|
Term
| What has been shown to reduce rates of infection in infants and improve long-term health? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The number one cause of death of women (regardless of racial or ethnic group)? |
|
Definition
| Cardiovascular Disease (CVD) |
|
|
Term
| Second leading cause of death of women? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Risk factors for developing breast cancer? |
|
Definition
| Excess weight, not having children, oral contraceptive use, excessive alcohol consumption, a high-fat diet, and long-term use of hormone replacement therapy. |
|
|
Term
| Which weeks are the most vulnerable time during the pregnancy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is umbilical cord blood banking? |
|
Definition
| A vast source of primitive hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells available for clinical applicatoion |
|
|
Term
| Nurses responsibility in the informed consent process? (3) |
|
Definition
-Ensuring form completed with signatures
-Serving as witness to signature process
-Determining client, family understanding of what they are signing through appropriate questions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Husband, Wife, and Children living in same household (may include natural or adopted children) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Child who is a member of two families due to joint custody, parenting is considered a "joint venture" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| One parent is responsible for care of children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adults in the family live and work apart for professional or financial reasons, often leaving the daily care of children to one parent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adults with children from previous marriages or from the new marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Nuclear family and grandparents, cousins, aunts, and uncles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Adults of the same sex living together with or without children |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of people living together to raise children and manage household, unrelated by blood or marriage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A temporary family for children who are placed away from their parents to ensure their emotional and physical well-being |
|
|
Term
| Grandparents-as parent families |
|
Definition
| Grandparents raising their grandchildren due to the inability or absence of the parents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Young parents who are still mastering the developmental tasks of their childhood |
|
|
Term
| What does the abuse screening tool "RADAR" stand for? |
|
Definition
R- Routinely screen every client for abuse
A- Affirm feelings and assess abuse.
D- Document your findings.
A- Assess for your client's safety.
R- Review options and make referrals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Involves acquiring knowledge and internalizing values. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ability to apply knowledge about a client's culture so that the health care provided can be adapted to meet her needs. |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important factor that limits care? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the leading reason for hospitalization in the USA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can a nurse refuse to care for a client undergoing an abortion? |
|
Definition
| The ANA Code of Ethics for Nurses upholds that nurses have the right to refuse to care for a client undergoing an abortion if the nurse ethically opposes the procedure. *The nurse needs to make her values and beliefs known to her manager before a situation like this occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A procedure that involves opening the uterus during pregnancy, performing a surgery, and replacing the fetus in the uterus. |
|
|
Term
| Maternal - fetal conflict |
|
Definition
| Fetal care becomes problematic when what is required to benefit one member of the dyad will cause unacceptable harm to the other |
|
|
Term
| Goal of stem cell research? |
|
Definition
| Relief of human suffering, which is ethically good! |
|
|
Term
| Benefits of stem cell research? (4) |
|
Definition
-therapies for Parkinson's disease
-regenerating diseased body tissues
-repairing spinal cord injuries
-growing needed organs for transplant |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The collaborative partnership among the individual,family, and caregivers that exist to determine goals, share information, offer support, and formulate plans for health care |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific group of people, often living in a defined georgraphic area, who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Group of individuals who share personal or environmental characteristics ex/ most commonly geographic location |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on preventing illness and improving the health of populations and communities *They address the current and potential health needs of a population or community |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the study of the causes, distribution, and control of disease in populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Focuses on health promotion and primary health health care in community based settings *emphasis on primary care and outpatient treatment |
|
|
Term
| Community based nursing settings |
|
Definition
| Ambulatory care, home health care, occupational health, school health and hospice settings |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Preventing the disease or condition before it occurs through health promotion activities, environmental protection, and specific protection against disease or injury Ex/ Good hygiene, sanitation, immunizations, genetic counseling, smoking cessation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Early detection and treatment of adverse health conditions. This level is aimed at halting the disease, thus shortening its duration and severity to get the person back to a normal state of functioning. Ex/ Pregnancy testing, mammogram screening, cholesterol monitoring, blood pressure evaluations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Designed to reduce or limit the progression of a permanent, irreversible disease or disability. Purpose is to restore individuals to their maximum potential. Ex/ Focus on minimizing and managing effects of a chronic illness such as Cerebrovascular disease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross between a home birth setting and a hospital *In close proximity to a hospital in case of complications |
|
|
Term
| Advantages of birthing centers |
|
Definition
| Noninterventional approach to obstetric care, freedom to eat and move around during labor, ability to give birth in any position, and the right to have any number of family and friends attend the birth |
|
|
Term
| Disadvantages of birthing centers |
|
Definition
| Some centers have rigid screening criteria which may eliminate healthy mothers from using birth centers; many have rigid rules concerning transporting the mother to the hospital (ex/ prolonged labor, ruptured membranes), and many have no pediatrician on staff if the newborn has specials needs after birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| For women who want no medical interventions and a very family centered birth. Recommended for pregnant women who are considered to be a low risk for complications during labor and birth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Least expensive, allows the woman to experience labor and delivery in privacy, comfort, and familiarity of home while surrounded by loved ones, permits the woman to maintain control over every aspect affect her labor (ex/ positions, attire), minimizes interference and unnecessary interventions- allowing labor to progress normally, promotes continuous one-on-one care by the midwife throughout the childbirth process, promotes the development of a trusting relationship with the nurse midwife |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Limited availability of pain meds and danger to the mother and baby if an emergency arises **A backup plan for a health care provider and nearby hospital on standby must be established should an emergency occur |
|
|
Term
| Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) |
|
Definition
| Diverse practices, products, and health care systems that are not currently considered to be part of conventional medicine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used together with conventional medicine, such as using aromatherapy to reduce discomfort after surgery or to reduce pain during a procedure or during early labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Used in a natural diet to control nausea and vomiting or to treat cancer instead of undergoing surgery, chemotherapy, or radiation that has been recommended by a conventional doctor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Combines mainstream medicine therapies and CAM therapies for which there is some scientific evidence of safety and effectiveness ex/ acupunture, yoga, meditation, homeopathy |
|
|
Term
| Multiple options for a client to seek assistance at a community-based setting: (3) |
|
Definition
-School health
-Home health
-Hospice |
|
|
Term
| The uterine wall is composed of three layers: |
|
Definition
1. endometrium - innermost layer
2. myometrium - muscular middle layer
3. perimetrium - outer serosal layer that covers the body of the uterus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The site of menstruation, implantation of a fertilized ovum, development of the fetus during pregnancy, and labor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| mucosal layer that lines the uterine cavity in nonpregnant women |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Organ of copulation
-Birth canal
"Hollow tube with water balloon at the end" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Implamentation and nutrition of fertilized ovum
-Expulsion of fetus during pregnancy
-Responsible for cyclic menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Allow for passage of ovum from the ovaries to the uterus
**Where fertilization occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Responsible for ovulation
-Produce estrogen, progesterone, androgen |
|
|
Term
| What portion of the fallopian tube serves as the most common place for fertilization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The normal, predictable physiologic process whereby the inner lining of the uterus (endometrium) is expelled by the body. **Begins approximately 14 days after ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The start of mensturation in females * ~12.8 years, with a range between 8-18. Genetics is the most important factor in determining the age at which menarche starts |
|
|
Term
Cycle length?
Duration of flow?
Blood loss each cycle? |
|
Definition
- 21-36 days
- 3-7 days
- 1-1.5 ounces blood loss for each cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Series of event associated with a developing oocyte (ovum or egg) within the ovaries **Begins when the follicular cells (ovum and surrounding cells) swell and the maturation process starts |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Follicles in the ovary grow and form a mature egg.Starts on Day 1 of the menstrual cycle and continues until ovulation, approximately 10-14 days later |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A mature follicle ruptures in response to a surge of LH, releasing a mature oocyte (ovum). Usually occurs on day 14 in a 28-day cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins at ovulation and lasts until the menstrual phase of the next cycle. It typically occurs in days 15 through 28 of a 28-day cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Occurs in response to cyclic hormonal changes. |
|
|
Term
| Four phases of the endometrial cycle: |
|
Definition
1. Proliferative Phase
2. Secretory Phase
3. Ischemic Phase
4. Menstrual Phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Starts with the enlargement of the endometrial glands in response to increasing amounts of estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins at ovulation to about 3 days before the next menstrual period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| If fertilization does not occur, the ischemic phase begins. Estrogen and Progestrone levels drop sharply during this phase as the corpus luteum starts to degenerate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Begins as the spiral arteries rupture secondary to ischemia, releasing blood into the uterus, and the sloughing of the endometrial lining begins |
|
|
Term
| Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) |
|
Definition
| Secreted from the hypothalamus in a pulsatile manner through out the reproductive cycle. *Induces the release of FSH and LH to assist with ovulation |
|
|
Term
| Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) |
|
Definition
| Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicle *Secretion is the highest and most important during the 1st week of the follicular phase of the reproduction cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and is required for both the final maturation of preovulatory follicles and luteinization of the ruptured follicle **Rises and stimulates the follicle to produce estrogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the ovaries and is crucial for the development and maturation of the follicle *Predominant at the end of proliferative phase, directly preceding ovulation **Also causes the uterus to increase in size and weight bc of the increased gylcogen, amino acids, electrolytes, and water ***Secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Secreted by the corpus luteum. Levels increase just before ovulation and peak 5-7 days after ovulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Primary mediators of the body's inflammatory processes and are essential for the normal physiologic function of the female reproductive systems |
|
|
Term
| 4 Basic types of bony pelvis? |
|
Definition
1. gynecoid - most conducive to vaginal birth
2. anthropoid
3. android - most common in men (narrow & boxy)
4. platy pelloid |
|
|
Term
| How many lobes is each mammary gland comprised of? |
|
Definition
| 15-20 lobes divided into lobules (lobules are clusters of acini) |
|
|
Term
| What happens if someone has excessive amounts of FSH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nurse explained to her client that the ________ of the uterine corpus can fluctuate with changes of hormonal levels in the absence of pregnancy. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nurse describes the components of semen, stating that most of the volume of semen is provided by the seminal vesicles and the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What helps protect against vaginal infections? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During an examination of the client, the nurse will question the women concerning their LMP. This indicates: |
|
Definition
| The first day of their last menstrual period |
|
|
Term
| The nurse understands that the endometrium is prepped for egg implantation by the corpus luteum, which secretes: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| While describing the internal structures, the nurse will identify the neck of the uterus as the: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) |
|
Definition
| A constellation of recurrent symptoms that occur during the luteal phase with the onset of menstruation cycle and resolve with the onset of menstruation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Caused by increased prostaglandin production by the endometrium in an ovulatory cycle- Highest during the first 2 days of menses, when symptoms peak *Common ages effected 17-24, decreases after pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Acquired menstrual pain after age 25
-Diagnosis & treatment- removal of underlying pathology
Painful menstruation due to pelvic or uterine pathology *May be caused endometriosis (BIGGEST CAUSE), adenomyosis, fibroids, pelvic infection, an intrauterine device, cervical stenosis.
**Absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated (pregnancy, non-pregnant, pre-menopause) |
|
|
Term
| Medications/Treatments for Dysmenorrhea: |
|
Definition
-NSAIDS
-Ibuprofen
-Naproxen
-Oral contraceptives- decrease prostaglandin synthesis
-Heat
-Massage
-Exercise- release of beta endorphins, suppress prostaglandins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) |
|
Definition
| Occurs most frequently in women at the beginning and end of their reproductive years. **Irregular, abnormal bleeding that occurs with no identifiable anatomic pathology |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Abnormally long, heavy periods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bleeding occurs at intervals of more than 35 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bleeding occurs at irregular intervals with heavy flow lasting more than 7 days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Possible causes of DUB may include: |
|
Definition
-Adenomyosis
-Pregnancy
-Hormonal imbalance
-Fibroid tumors
-Endometrial polyps or cancer
-Endometriosis
-Intrauterine system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Depends on the cause of the bleeding and the age of the client *Goal is to normalize the bleeding, correct the anemia, prevent or diagnose early cancer and restore quality of life |
|
|
Term
| Hypogonadotropic Amenorrhea |
|
Definition
-Caused by pituitary lesions, inability to produce FSH and LG, sudden weight loss, eating disorders, strenuous exercise
-Problem in central hypothalmic-pituitary axis
-Results from hypothamic suppression **Common in athletes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Estrogens - cause vasospasm of the uterine arteries to decrease bleeding
2. Progestins - used to stablize an estrogen-primed endometrium
3. Oral controceptives - regulate the cycle and suppress the endometrium
4. NSAIDs- inhibit prostaglandins in ovulatory menstrual cycles
5. Progestrone-releasing IUSs- Suppress endometrial growth
6. Androgens- Create a high androgen/low estrogen environment that inhibits endometrial growth
7. Iron salts- replenish iron stores lost during heavy bleeding |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infertility can result from lack of ovulation, severe anemia can result secondary to prolonged or heavy menses, and endometrial cancer can occur associated with prolonged buildup of the endometrial lining without menstrual bleeding |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms occuring in luteal phase of menstrual cycle: |
|
Definition
| Bloating, anxiety, breast tenderness, depression, fatigue, thirst, appetite changes |
|
|
Term
| Premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Requires a multidimensional approach because these conditions are not likely to have a single cause, they appear to affect multiple systems within a woman's body *Therefore requiring multiple treatments |
|
|
Term
| Treatment for PMS and PMDD |
|
Definition
Vitamin supplements, diet changes, exercise, lifestyle changes, and medications
PMDD: antidepressants/anti-anxiety drugs, diet changes, exercise, lifestyle changes, and medications |
|
|
Term
| Symptoms of PMS can be categorized using the following: A.C.D.H.O. |
|
Definition
A= anxiety: difficulty sleeping, tenseness, mood swings, and clumsiness
C= cravings: cravings for sweets, salty foods, chocolate
D= depression: feelings of low self-esteem, anger, easily upset
H=hydration: weight gain, abdominal bloating, breast tenderness
O= other: hot flashes or cold sweats, nausea, change in bowel habits, aches or pains, dysmenorrhea, acne breakout |
|
|
Term
| ACOG diagnostic criteria for PMS consist of having at least one of the following affective and somatic symptoms during the 5 days before menses in each of the 3 previous cycles: |
|
Definition
Affective symptoms: depression, angry outbursts, irritability, anxiety
Somatic syptoms: breast tenderness, abdominal bloating, edema, headache
*Symptoms relieved from days 4-13 of menstrual cycle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bits of functioning endometrial tissue are located outside of their normal site. This endometrial tissue is commonly found attached to the ovaries, fallopian tubes, the outer surface of the uterus, the bowels, the area between the vagina and the rectum, and the pelvic side wall **One of the most common gynecologic diseases, affecting more than 6 million women in the U.S. |
|
|
Term
| Factors that increase a woman's risk of developing endometriosis: |
|
Definition
-Increased age
-Family hx of endometriosis in a first-degree relative
-Short menstrual cycle (less than 28 days)
-Long menstrual flow (more than 1 week)
-High dietary fat consumption
-Young age of menarche (younger than 12)
-Few (one or two) or no pregnancies |
|
|
Term
| Treatment options for Endometriosis |
|
Definition
Surgical interventions: conservative or definitive
Medication therapy: NSAIDS, oral contraceptives, progestogens, antiestrogens, GnRH-a |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to conceive a child after 1 year of regular sexual intercourse unprotected by contraception |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Transition from a woman's reproductive phase of her life to her final menstrual period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Usually 2-8 years before cessation of menstruation *Ovaries begin to fail, producing irregular and missed periods and an occasional hot flash |
|
|
Term
| Menopausal transition effects on the body: |
|
Definition
1. Brain - hot flashes, disturbed sleep, modd and memory problems
2. Cardiovascular - lower levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease
3.Skeletal - rapid loss of bone density that increases the risk of osteoporosis
4. Breasts - replacement of duct and glandular tissue
5. Geniourinary - vaginal dryness, stress incontinence, cystitis
6. Gastrointestinal - less absorption of calcium from food, increasing the risk for fractures
7. Integumentary- dry, thin skin and decreased collagen levels
8. Body shape - more abdominal fat, waist size that swells relative to hips |
|
|
Term
| Risks of Hormone Replacement therapy: |
|
Definition
| Risks of blood clots (biggest risk), heart attacks, strokes, and breast cancer, breast cancer, headaches, nausea, vomiting, bloating *In short, the overall health risks of HT exceeded the benefits |
|
|
Term
| Health risks of perimenopausal women: |
|
Definition
-osteoporosis
-coronary heart disease
-estrogen has favorable effect on circulating lipids (cholesterol, heart disease increase after menopause) |
|
|
Term
| Alternative therapies for menopause: |
|
Definition
-Nutrition
-Acupuncture
-Herbal supplements
-Vitamin supplements |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Difficult or painful intercourse |
|
|
Term
| Vaginal atrophy changes include: |
|
Definition
| thinning of the vaginal walls, an increase in pH, irritation, increased susceptibility to infection, dyspareunia, loss of lubrication with intercourse, vaginal dryness, and a decrease in sexual desire |
|
|
Term
| Factors to be considered when deciding to use Hormone Therapy: |
|
Definition
-The risk/benefit ratio is highest in younger women who begin HT not long after menopause
-HT is approved for 2 indications: relief of vasomotor symptoms and prevention of osteoporosis
-Research suggests that HT may be beneficial for preventing diabetes, improving mood, or avoiding urinary tract problems
-Using HT long beyond menopause carries increased risks, which, for some women, may be outweighed by the benefits |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Used to quickly assess the health of a newborn immediately after birth
Appearance
Pulse
Grimace
Activity
Respiration |
|
|
Term
| Leopold's Maneuvers - First Maneuver: Fundal Grip |
|
Definition
| Determine the size, consistency, shape, and mobility of the form that is felt ex/fetal head is hard, firm,round, and moves independently |
|
|
Term
| Leopold's Maneuvers - Second Maneuver: Umbilical Grip |
|
Definition
| Attempts to determine the location of the fetal back |
|
|
Term
| Leopold's Maneuvers - Third Maneuver: Pawlick's Grip |
|
Definition
| Determine what fetal part is lying above the inlet |
|
|
Term
| Leopold's Maneuvers - Fourth Maneuver: Pelvic Grip |
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Definition
| Attempt to locate the fetus' brow |
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Term
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Definition
| Vaginal discharge during the puerperium (postpartum period) consisting of blood, tissue and mucous. Lochia last from 4-6 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| Red, distinctly blood tinged vaginal flow that follows birth and last 3-4 days. This is the first blood seen in the puerperium |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous,pinkish brown, watery vaginal discharge that follows lochia rubra. Median duration is 22-27 days after childbirth |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin, yellowish to white, vaginal discharge that follows lochia serosa. Median duration is 10-14 days |
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Term
| Estimated Blood Loss (EBL) |
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Definition
| An estimate of total blood loss. If weighing blood loss, 1 gram = 1 milliliter (cc) |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) stained on a peripad |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than 4 inches (10 cm) stain on a peripad |
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Term
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Definition
| Less than 6 inches (15.2 cm) stain on a peripad |
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Term
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Definition
| Saturated peripad within 1 hour |
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Term
| Intimate Partner Violence |
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Definition
| is actual or threatened physical or sexual violenc or psychological/emotional abuse |
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Term
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Definition
Comprises of 3 distinct phases:
1. Tension building phase
2. Acute battering phase
3. Honeymoon phase |
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Term
| Individual risk factors for IPV in men |
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Definition
-Young age
-Heavy drinking
-Personality disorders
-Depression
-Low academic achievement
-Witnessing/experiencing violence as a child
-Low income |
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Term
| Relationship risk factors for IPV in men |
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Definition
-Marital (martial) conflict
-Economic distress
-Dysfunctional family
-Marital instability
-Male dominance in family
-Cohabitation
-Having outside sexual partners |
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Term
| Community risk factors for IPV in men |
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Definition
-Weak sanctions against IPV
-Poverty
-Low social capital |
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Term
| Societal risk factors for intimate partner violence in men |
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Definition
-Traditional gender norms
-Social norms supportive of violence |
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Term
| What are the 4 types of abuse? |
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Definition
1. Emotional
2. Physical
3. Financial
4. Sexual |
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Term
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Definition
-Promising, swearing, or threatening to hit the victim
-Forcing the victim to perform degrading or humiliating acts
-Threatening to harm children, pets, or close friends
-Destroying valued possessions
-Controlling victim's every move |
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Term
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Definition
-Hitting or grabbing the victim so hard that it leaves marks
-Throwing things are victim
-Slapping, spitting at, biting, burning, pushing, choking, or shoving victim
-Kicking or punching the victim, or slamming her against things
-Attacking the victim with a knife, gun, rope, or electrical cord
-Cording access to health care for injury |
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Term
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Definition
-Preventing the woman from getting a job
-Sabotaging a current job
-Controlling how all money is spent
-Failing to contribte financially |
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Term
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Definition
-Forcing the woman to have vaginal, oral, or anal intercourse
-Biting the victim's breasts or genitals
-Shoving objects into victim's vagina
-Forcing the woman to do something sexual that she finds degrading or humiliating
-Forcing the victim to perform sexual acts on other people or animals |
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Term
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Definition
| Woman has experienced deliberate and repeated physical or sexual assault by an intimate partner, feels terrified, helpless, and alone, and reacts to any expression of anger or threat by avoidance and withdrawal behavior. |
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Term
| Factors leading to battering during pregnancy |
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Definition
-Inability of couple to cope with stressors of pregnancy
-Young age at time of pregnancy
-Having less than high school diploma for both partners
-Unemployment for either or both in partnership
-Violence in family of origin
-Cohabitation and single marital status
-Sexual proprietariness on the part of male partner
-Heavy drinking by partner
-Resentment toward the interference of the growing fetus and change in the woman's shape
-Doubts about paternity or fidelity of expectant mother
-Perception that baby will be a competitor
-Outside attention the pregnancy brings to the woman
-Unwanted pregnancy
-The woman's new interest in herself and her unborn baby
-Financial burden r/t expense of pregnancy
-Stress of role transition to fatherhood |
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Term
| Signs of abuse during pregnancy |
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Definition
-Poor attendance at prenatal visits
-Unrealistic fears
-Weight fluctuations
-Difficulty with pelvic exams
-Noncompliance with treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-Screen all of your clients for violence
-Ask direct questions in a nonjudgemental way
-Validate the client
-Evaluate, educate, and refer this client |
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Term
| What is the first way to detect abuse? |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you establish trust and rapport during IPV assessment? |
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Definition
| -Communication support through a nonjudgemental attitude and telling the woman the no one deserves to be abused |
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Term
| What are should you do during an IPV assessment and screening? |
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Definition
-Screen for abuse during every health care visit
-Isolate client immediately from family
-Ask direct or indirect questions about abuse
-Assess immediate safety
-Document and report your findings |
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Term
| What are some risk factors for abuse-related murders? |
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Definition
-Increased frequency or severity of abuse
-Presence of firearms
-Sexual abuse
-Substance abuse
-Generally violent behavior outside of the home
-Control issues
-Physical abuse during pregnancy
-Suicide threats or attempts
-Child abuse |
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Term
| Possible signs of abuse during an assessment? |
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Definition
-Injuries: bruises, scars from blunt trauma, or weapon wounds on face, head and neck
-Injury sequelae: headaches, hearing loss, joint pain, sinus infections, teeth marks, clumps of hair missing, dental trauma, pelvic pain, breast or genital injuries
-Reported history of injury that is not consistent with the actual presenting problem
-Mental heath problems: depression, anxiety, substance abuse, eating disorders, suicidal ideation or suicide attempts, anger toward health provider, PTSD
-Frequent tranquilizer or sedative use
-Bruises to upper arm, neck and face, abdomen, or breasts
-Comments about emotional or physical abuse of "a friend"
-Sexually transmitted infections or pelvic inflammatory disease
-Frequent health care visits for chronic, stress-related disorders such as chest pain, headaches, back or pelvic pain, insomnia, injuries, anxiety, and gastrointestinal disturbances
-Partner's behavior at health care visit: appears overly solicitous or overprotective, is unwilling to leave her alone with the health care provider, answers questions for her, and attempts to control the situation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs when a woman is forced to have sexual contact of any kind without her consent |
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Term
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Definition
| Any type of sexual exploitation among blood relatives or surrogate relatives before the victim reaches 18 years of age |
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Term
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Definition
| An expression of violence, not a sexual act. It is a legal rather than a medical term and denotes penile penetration fo the vagina, mouth, or rectum of the female or mae without consent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sexual activity between an adult and a person under the age of 18 and is considered to have occurred even if the underage person was willing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Someone is forced to have sex by a person he or she knows. |
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Term
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Definition
| An assault that occurs within a dating relationship or marriage without consent of one of the participants. It is a form of acquaintance rape and is common on college campuses. |
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Term
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Definition
| A significant portion of women who are raped experience PTSD. Symptoms usually begin within 3 months but occasionally may only emerge years later. |
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Term
| Female genital cutting (FGC) |
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Definition
-A procedure involving any injury of th external female genitalia for cultural or nontherapeutic reasons.
-Performed to decrease a woman's sexual desires and to ensure her chastity until marriage and receipt of a dowry
-Complications vary. Frequently performed w/o anesthesia under nonsterile conditions. Complications include: infertility, dysmennorrhea, dyspareunia, sexual dysfunction, infection, hemorrhage after procedure, vaginal stenosis, chronic vaginitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, chronic UTI, incontinence, genital fistulas, recurrent abscesses, transmission of HIV or hepatitis during procedure, severe pain and shock after procedure, difficulty walking or using stairs due to severe scarring, urinary retention, inability to experience orgasm, and difficulty in giving birth.
-Psychological effects range from eating disorders, insomnia, depression, PTSD, and negative effects on women's self-esteem and identity |
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Term
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Definition
The enslavement of immigrants for profit in America.
-Victims are primarily women and children who lack education, employment, and economic opportunities in their own countries.
-Traffickers promise victims employment as nannies, maids, dancers, factory workers, sales clerks, or models in the U.S.
-Traffickers transport the victims from the countries to unfamiliar destinations away from their support systems
-Once they are here, traffickers coerce them, using rape, torture, starvation, imprisonment, threats or physical force, into prostitution, pornography, the sex trade, forced labor, or involuntary servitude. |
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Term
| Sexual Assault Nurse Coordinator (SANE) |
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Definition
| Has specialized training in examining these patients and recognizing, collecting, and preserving evidence. |
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Term
| Phases of response to traumatic event |
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Definition
-Acute phase: Disorganization
-Outward adjustment phase: Denial
-Reorganization
-Integration and Recovery |
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Term
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Definition
-Caused by chlamydia trachomatis
-Most common STI in American women
-Often no symptoms; can have dysuria and/or vaginal discharge
-If left untreated can cause PID/Infertility
-Sexually active 15-19 y.o. have highest rate
-Cultures done in beginning of pregnancy and at end if risk factors present
-Tx with antibiotics-TOC should be done in pregnancy or if non-compliance suspected with treatment |
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Term
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Definition
-2nd most prevalent STI in U.S.
-Similar to chlamydia in age prevalence
-1/3 of cases asymptomatic
-Pain, menstrual irregularities predominant presenting symptom. May have some discharge.
-In pregnancy can cause PROM, preterm delivery, chorioamnionitis, neonatal sepsis, IUGR, opthalmia neonatorum, post partum maternal infection
-Cultures done: should test for co-infection
-Treatment with antibiotics-responds rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
-Transmission occurs through skin breaks: in addition to sexual transmission, can also be through oral contact as well
-Transplacental transmission may occur-risk r/t amount of spirochetes in the blood stream
-Manifested in stages and may lead to systemic disease and death if untreated
-Has Primary lesion that occurs 1 to 6 weeks after infection; Secondary symptoms occur within 2-6 mos. after lesion, and is characterized by rash on palms and soles. May develop multiple condylomas. Will enter latent phase if left untreated.
-Tertiary symptoms develop in about 1/3 of women with latent infection. Will eventually progress to multi-system involvement and complications.
-Tested by blood test and microscopic examination of lesion; can get false-negative if early in disease process
-Tx is penicilin |
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Term
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Definition
-Responsible for genital herpes
-20% of U.S. woman infected
-Can be transmitted if pt. is asymptomatic
-Primary infection is most painful and uncomfortable: generalized symptoms over whole body
-Primary infection in first trimester associated with increased risk for miscarriage
-Dx made through inspecition and history-confirmed with culture
-No cure, but anti-viral meds can control symptoms and limit outbreaks
-Outbreak in pregnancy at time of delivery needs delivery by C-Section |
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Term
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Definition
-Contracted by vaginal intercourse with infected partner; may be picked up from direct genital contact with damp or moist objects
-Dx by microscopic evaluation of vaginal secretions or culture
-May be asymptomatic; can have dysuria, urinary frequency, vaginal discharge, dyspareunia, irritation or itching of area
-Treated with Metronidazole |
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Term
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Definition
-Most common viral STIs in U.S.
-Could lead to cancers of cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, or penis
-No cure; caused by Human papilomavirus
-Transmitted by vaginal, anal, or oral sex with infected partner
-Dx by visual inspection or abnormal pap
-Symptoms include wart-like lesions that are soft, moist, or flesh-colored and appear on the vulva and surrounding vagina and anus. |
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Term
| Pelvic inflammatory disease |
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Definition
-Infection involving pelvic structures such as fallopian tubes, uterus, ovaries and peritoneum
-Cause by ascending, untreated infections-chlamydia and gonorrhea common culprits
-Can sometimes be difficult to dx and tx due to vague, non-specific symptoms (abd. pain, fever, n/v, irregular bleeding
-Can cause problems with fertility, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy
-Treat source of infection with antibiotics, pain meds |
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Term
| What are the vaccine preventable STIs? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-A & B can be sexually transmitted
-A is usually self-limiting and does not become chronic. B can result in serious or permanent liver damage
-Vaccine available for A & B
-Should minimize things that wil cause further liver damage
-Mothers who are positive will need to have infants vaccinated and also receive the immune globulin to avoid transmission |
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Term
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Definition
-Not sexually transmitted; transmitted through Injection drug-use or blood transfusion before 1992
-Prevalence in pregnant women is 1%
-Perinatal transmission is rare except in women who are immunocompromised |
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Term
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Definition
-Virus that attacks immune system and makes patient unable to fight off infections
-Usually accompanied by flu-like response
-Testing during pregnancy should be done with routine prenatal labs-repeat as needed for high-risk pt.
-Early treatment can decrease transmission risk to fetus to 1-2%
-Combination antiretroviral drugs work best-major side effect is bone marrow suppression; periodic counts should be checked for WBC, platelets and Hct.
-C-section delivery recommended to avoid perinatal transmission
-Invasive procedures to fetus should be avoided
-Infant should be treated with oral antiretroviral medications for 6 weeks post delivery
-Breastfeeding should be avoided |
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Term
| Nursing strategies to prevent the spread of STIs |
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Definition
-Provide basic information about STI transmission
-OUtline safer sexual behaviors for ppl at risk
-Refer clients to appropriate community resources to reduce risk
-Screen asymptomatic persons with STIs
-Identify barriers to STI testing and remove them
-Offer pre-exposure immunizations for vaccine-preventable STIs
-Respond honestly about testing results and options available
-Counsel and treat sexual partners of persons with STIs
-Educate school administrators, parents, and teens about STIs
-Support youth development activities to reduce sexual risk-taking
-Promote the use of barrier-methods to prevent the spread of STIs
-Assist clients to gain skills in negotiating safer sex.
-Discuss reducing the number of sexual partners to reduce risk. |
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Term
| The nurse is helping the client understand the possible diagnosis of endometriosis. The nurse realizes that this diagnosis is definitively confirmed by: |
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Definition
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Term
| The nurse is assessing a couple who have come to the health care facility because they have been unable to conceive a child. When assessing the woman, which factor would the nurse identify as increasing the woman's risk for infertility? |
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Definition
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Term
| A nurse is evaluating the client to determine the possible cause of her dysmenorrhea. The nurse is aware that the most common etiology for secondary dysmenorrhea is due to: |
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Definition
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Term
| Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) affects millions of women during their reproductive years. As a nurse you realize that approximately ______ of the women in the United States report disabling, incapacitating symptoms. |
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Definition
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Term
| A newborn is diagnosed with ophthalmia neonatorum. The nurse understands that this newborn was exposed to which infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| When describing the methods of transmission for herpes simplex virus to a group of college students, which method would be least likely? |
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Definition
| Sharing contaminated needles |
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Term
| The nurse is preparing to administer medication therapy to a woman diagnosed with syphilis. The nurse would expect to administer: |
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Definition
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Term
| The nurse recognizes that one of the most common causes of vaginal discharge is: |
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Definition
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Term
| The nurse emphasizes the importance of regular Pap smears and routine physical examinations due to the fact that _______ of women are asymptomatic when infected with chlamydia. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. Absence of menses by age 14, with absence of growth and development of secondary sexual characteristics
2. Absence of menses by age 16, with normal development of secondary sexual characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| The absence of menses for three cycles or 6 months in women who have previously menstruated regularly |
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Term
| Common lab tests to determine cause of amenorrhea: |
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Definition
-karotype
-ultrasound to detect ovarian cysts
-hCG
-Thyroid function
-Prolactin level
-FSH
-LH |
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Term
| Endometriosis affected between ___-____% of women of reproduction age |
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Definition
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Term
| Menstrual Disorder Vocabulary |
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Definition
Meno = menstrual related
metro = time
oligo = few
a = without, none, or lack of
rhagia = excess or abnormal
dys = not or pain
rhea = flow |
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Term
| Syphilis is curable true or false? |
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Definition
| True - it a complex,curable bacterial infection |
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