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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939): Austria
Founded Psychoanalytic school of thought
Belief that behavior is largely governed by motives and drives that are internal and often unconscious
Development happens in stages |
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John B. Watson (1878-1958): United States
Founder of Behaviorism
Psychology = scientific study of behavior
Behavior = overt or observable responses or activities
Radical reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behavior
Study of consciousness abandoned |
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B.F. Skinner (1904-1990): United States
Environmental factors determine behavior
Responses that lead to positive outcomes are repeated
Responses that lead to negative outcomes are not repeated
More controversy regarding free will |
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Psychology is Empirical
Empiricism is the premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation in which research is conducted to test ideas. |
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Psychology is Theoretically Diverse
A theory is a system of interelated ideas used to explain a set of observations. A theory links unrelated observations and tries to explain them. |
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Psychology Evolves in a Sociohistorical Context
Dense interconnections exist between what happens in psychology and what happens in society. Psychology develops in a social and historical context through trends, issues and values. |
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Behavior is Determined by Multiple Causes
In general, pschologists find that behavior is governed by a complex network of interacting factors, an idea referred to as the multifactorial causation of behavior. |
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Our Behavior is Shaped by our Cultural Heritage
Culture refers to the shared customs, beliefs, values, norms, institutions, and other products of community that are transmitted socially across generations. |
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Heredity and Environment Jointly Influence Behavior
A century of research has shown that genetics and experience both influence an individual's intelligence, temperment, personality, and susceptibility to many psychological disorders. |
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Our Experience of the World is Highly Subjective
We actively process incoming stimulation, selectively focusing on some aspects of that stimulation while ignoring others. People tend to see what they want to see or what they expect to see. |
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Edward Titchener
Analyze consciousness into basic elements |
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| Careful, systematic observations of one’s own conscious experience |
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William James
Investigate function of consciousness
Led to investigation of mental testing, developmental patterns, and sex differences |
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| mutual relation of two or more things, parts, etc.: Studies find a positive correlation between severity of illness and nutritional status of the patients. Synonyms: similarity, correspondence, matching; parallelism, equivalence; interdependence, interrelationship, interconnection. |
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| A measure of the interdependence of two random variables that ranges in value from -1 to +1, indicating perfect negative correlation at -1, absence of correlation at zero, and perfect positive correlation at +1. Also called coefficient of correlation. |
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