Term
| How does electrical repulsion between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| Ions cluster around the RBC and neutralize opposite chrages, this hinders the association of antibodies with antigens |
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Term
| How does size of antibody between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| IgM is a pentamer, and it only takes one IgM to activate complement, it takes 2 IgGs |
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Term
| How does site of antigen on red cell surface between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| some antigens are more common on the red cells (ABOH, MN) which make it easier for an antibody to interact with the antigen |
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Term
| How does time between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| desired incubation reaches equilibrium in which rate of association = rate of dissociation |
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Term
| How does temperature between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| Warm temperatures factor entropy drive reactions with hydrophobic bonding (Rh). Cold temperatures favor exothermic reactions with hydrogen bonds to carbohydrates (ABO, P1, Lewis) |
|
|
Term
| How does pH between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
| affect electrostatic bonds (anti-M likes lower pH) |
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|
Term
| How does concentration of antigen and antibody between cells affect antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
too much antigen- cannot overcome repulsion = false negative (post zone)
too much antibody- clumping - false positive (pro zone)
Zone of equivalence is ideal |
|
|
Term
| How does potentiator usage antigen-antibody interactions? |
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Definition
reduce incubation time, IgG needs it to reduce zeta potential,
Colloids: increase dielectric constant and reduce zeta potential
LISS: decrease zeta potential |
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Term
| Sources of antigens of red blood cells? |
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Definition
| arise from enzymes which add them to the RBC membrane via specific genes in DNA. |
|
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Term
| How are antigens of red blood cells grouped? |
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Definition
| grouped according to specific characteristics and gene similarity |
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Term
| List the 6 common the antigen systems |
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Definition
| Rh. Kell, Duffy, Kidd, MNSs, ABO |
|
|
Term
| What are the two immunoglobulin classes associated with RBCs? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| warm (37C), monomer, cross placenta, does not fix complement alone, needs 2, clinically significant (RBC immune antiboduy |
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Term
|
Definition
| cold, pentamer (4-10C), does not cross placenta, fixes complement, not clinically significant (naturally occurring) |
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Term
| How do biochemical and immunochemical characteristics of antigens and antibodies impact in-vitro testing? |
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Definition
| Immunogenicity impacts the amount of immune response warranted for that antigen. The size and location of the antigen on the RBC can enhance the antibody binding. |
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Term
|
Definition
| dog to dog transfusion 1665 |
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Term
|
Definition
| sheep to human transfusion 1667 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| human to human transfusion 1818 |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Ludvig Hektoen and Reuben Ottenburg |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| aggulutination using IgG to detect IgG coated RBCs, 1945 |
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|
Term
| How many blood groups systems? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many blood good antigens? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many blood group alleles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| physiological mechanism to fight disease or clear foreign substance |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Secondary Immune response |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| substance capable of eliciting an immune response when introduced into a immuno-competent individual to whom it is foreign |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ability of an antigen to cause an in- vivo immune response and react with the products of an immune response |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Antigenic determinants - structural site where the antibody combines with the antigen. |
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|
Term
| Immunogenicity of an Antigen is affected by its |
|
Definition
| Size, shape, rigidity, location, number of determinants (epitopes), dose, route of entry, and genetic factors (in an immuno-competent host). |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Normally…don’t forget autoimmune processes |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common forms of Blood Group Antigens: |
|
Definition
Glycoproteins: HLA
Glycolipids: ABH, Le, Ii and P antigens (Ag)
Proteins: Rh, M, N antigens |
|
|
Term
| Blood Group Antigens from Bood Group system Rh |
|
Definition
| D (Rh0), e (hr''), C (rh'), c(hr'), and E(rh'') |
|
|
Term
| Blood Group Antigens from Bood Group system Kell |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Group Antigens from Bood Group system Duffy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Group Antigens from Bood Group system Kidd |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood Group Antigens from Bood Group system MNSs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antibody that results from exposure to foreign red cell antigen either by transfusion or pregnancy (anti-D, etc.) |
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|
Term
| Naturally Occurring Antibody |
|
Definition
| antibody that is present without any evidence of exposure to foreign red cell antigen (anti-A, anti-N, etc.) People with an IS that is not functioning normally may not show expected naturally occuring Ab |
|
|
Term
| Clinically Significant Antibody |
|
Definition
| An antibody that decreases the red cell survival. Able to destroy red blood cells in vivo. (anti-A,B, Anti-Jka, etc.) |
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|
Term
| IgM antibody which is clinically significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| IgM antibodies which are not clinically significant? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Rh, Kell, Kidd, Duffy, and Ss |
|
|
Term
| Waters of hydration red blood cell separation theory |
|
Definition
| Water bound by RBC membrane glycoproteins helps maintain the distance between rbc’s. (Water envelope) |
|
|
Term
| Electrostatic charge red blood cell separation theory |
|
Definition
| Electron cloud surrounds RBC with a net negative charge called the zeta potential |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Attachment of antibody to antigen that requires antihuman globulin to detect. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Antibody mediated clumping of red blood cells that express corresponding antigens on their surface |
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|
Term
| Antibody Coating RBC Membrane without Agglutination |
|
Definition
| This reaction requires the use of an Antihuman Globulin reagent in the Direct (DAT) or Indirect Antiglobulin Tests (IAT) to observe. |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibody activated complement to completion |
|
|
Term
| Step 1 of agglutination reactions |
|
Definition
| Sensitization: attachment of Antibody to Antigen on the RBC membrane, no clumping |
|
|
Term
| Step 2 of agglutination reactions |
|
Definition
| Lattice formation: formation of bridges between the sensitized red cells to form the lattice that constitutes agglutination, crosslink to form a lattice |
|
|
Term
| What is at attachment between Ag and Ab dependent on? |
|
Definition
| Spatial complementarity (Lock and Key concept) and Weak non-specific intermolecular forces |
|
|
Term
| Weak Non-specific Intermolecular Forces |
|
Definition
| electrostatic bonds (no covalent bonds), attraction of opposite charges or ionized molecules, closer you get, the stronger the attachment of Ag to Ab (inverse proportion) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antigen and antibody complexing is REVERSIBLE.
Equilibrium is the point at which the number of bonds being formed equals the number of bonds being broken. |
|
|
Term
| How many binding sites does IgG have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many binding sites does IgM have? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may result in false negative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| may result in false positive |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Increased proteins can cause RBCs to clump and stack - false positive |
|
|
Term
| Mixed Field Agglutination |
|
Definition
| Presence of two cell populations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inhibits complement activation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Soluble blood group substances (antigens)? |
|
Definition
| Antigens found in body fluids (plasma, saliva, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Each gene codes for the production of a _____________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Alternate form of a gene at a specific locus is an ________. |
|
Definition
| Allele: Alleles in the ABO blood group are A, B and O |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Amorph: no detectable gene product: O gene has no detectable product. |
|
|
Term
| What is Co-Dominant (dominant) Inheritance? |
|
Definition
| Observable traits when inherited. Inherit A and B genes = A and B antigens are present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inheritance of identical alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes: A/A or B/B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inheritance of different alleles at a given locus on both chromosomes: A/O, B/O or A/B |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Genetic make-up of an individual: genes determine which blood group antigens are present on the rbc membrane. A/O is a genotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Outward expression of genes: Observable traits. Blood group antigen typing indicates a persons phenotype. Group A is a phenotype. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| variation in antigen expression due to number of alleles, homozygotes have more alleles |
|
|
Term
| blood groups that demonstrate dosage? |
|
Definition
| Rh, Duffy, MNSs, and KIDD. |
|
|
Term
| Check cells are supposed to be? |
|
Definition
| positive, if they are negative, test results cannot be determined |
|
|
Term
| Chose two substances that can be used to reduce zeta potential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Choose the option that best describes the following: Secondary immune response |
|
Definition
| Rapid immune response after re-exposure to a foreign agent. |
|
|
Term
| Which statement below best describes IgM immunoglobulins |
|
Definition
| Pentamer, does not cross placenta, reacts at 22 degrees C |
|
|
Term
| Prozone and postzone effects can cause what type of erroneous reaction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The principle reagent in the Direct Antiglobulin Test contains which of the following: |
|
Definition
| Anit-IgG and Anti-Complement |
|
|
Term
| The "universal recipient" for plasma transfusion is blood type: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In confirming the ABO blood types, the reverse typing results for someone who is Group A would be: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Anti-A, Anti-B positive, A1 Cells and B Cells negative? |
|
Definition
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