• species are constant 
• variation is imperfection 
• every species in on the scala naturae approaching human perfection 

• Design as natural theology 
• Like a watchmaker assembling a timepiece part by part 
• Stages of development leading to a functioning whole 

• Extinction through Catastophism
• Paleontological evidence of extinct species 
• Believed in ancient earth 
• Cuviers Functional Integration: function determines form (common function creates similar form) 

• Inheritance of acquired characteristics
• First to believe in evolution 
• Use and Disuse dictates what characteristics your offsping will have (giraffe neck)
• Drive for perfection 

• Gradualism - gradual changes over time 
• Father of Geology 

• Uniformitarianism 
• Genetic testing before birth (karyotyping

Infinitely large 

No mutations

Random Mating 

No migration/gene flow 

No selection 

Evolutionary agent that leads to a fit between organisms and their environment 

• Not selected against 
• Heritable component 

• Exposure to reproductive hormones 
•  Common and deadly 

• heterozygote advantage  
• recessive allele carries advantage of malaria resistence 
• Stabilizing selection

• Heterozygote advantage 
• Typhoid/cholera resistance 

The disease-producing ability (nastiness) of a pathogen 

• Reproduce a lot or Disperse a lot 
• Rhino Virus 
• Smallpox

• Relies on host mobility for transmission;
• infects only htose areas that promote transmission 

• Viabile for years outside host 
• Very virulent 

• No recombination means loss of genetic information 
• Cannot gain genetic diversity 

Variability allows offspring to exploit slightly different resources 

• Competition between offspring is reduced 
• Ex: finch beaks 

Evolution in response to species interactions 

• Sexual reproduction creates varied offspring, more rapid evolution 

• Females attracted to highly decorated males because they want to produce highly decorated sons 

Genes not related to display creation must be awesome to make up for problems created by decoration 

(Strength and Speed)

• Generates varied offspring 
• Variability provides challenges to competitors, parasites, predators 
• Survival chances are increased 

• Combat
• Sperm competition (copulatory plugs)
• Costs of size, aggressiveness, sperm production

Females exert control over sexual success 

• Very discriminatory 

• Heritable variation 
• Differentiated reproductive success
• Change in population's characteristics 
• Struggle to sruvive 

• Lifelong Naturalist 
• Published Origin of Species
• Proposed Natural Selection 
• 
  

• Groups within groups 
• Homologous Characteristics 
• Fossil record (transitional forms linking species: Lucy)
• Vestigial Structures 
• Biogeography 

Had a function at one time that is no longer present 

• goose bumps, psuedogenes (junk DNA)

Biogeographical 

Study of distribution of organisms 

• Plant and animal life provides evidence of continental drift 
• Living fossils 

• Segregation (pairs separate during meiosis)
• Independent Assortment (traits determined separately)
• Crossing over (chromosomes exchange genetic informaiton)  

If the dominant trait is present in the genotype, it will show in the phenotype 

Examples: dwarfism, extra fingers/toes, huntington's 

If the recessive trait is present in the genotype, it may be expressed in the phenotype, or the individual may be a carrier 

Examples: Cystic fibrosis, Tay Sachs 

Pleiotropy 

One gene affects many traits 

Examples: siamese cats, marfan syndrome, sickle cell 

A gene at one location alters a gene at another 

Examples: Lab dogs 

Many genes affect one trait 

Examples: skin color, height 

Environment cant change genotype, but can affect phenotype 

Examples: Phenylkutenaria (PKU)

Different expression based on gender 

Examples: Huntington's onset is earlier if disease comes from the dad 

• Point mutations 
• Chromosomal mutations 
• Changes in chromosome number 
• Nondisjunction