Term
What are the three characteristics of viruses? |
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Definition
structure, taxonomy, and replication |
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Term
What makes up virus structure? |
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Definition
viral genome (nucleic acid), capsid (protein coat which surrounds the genome), virion (entire virus = nucleic acid, capsid, envelope, glycoprotein spikes), envelopes (lipid containing, larger viruses, surrounds the capsid) and morphology (helical = irregular shaped capsid, spiral shaped, icosahedral= cubical capsid with 20 flat sides and complex). |
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Term
What makes up Viral taxonomy? |
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Definition
type of genome (can be DNA or RNA), the number of strands (single or double stranded), morphology (icosahedral, helical or complex) and the presence of absence of an envelope |
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Term
What are the stages in viral replication? |
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Definition
attachment, entry, uncoating, replication, assembly, release |
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Term
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Definition
initiate the infectious cycle, virus recognizes and binds to a suitable host cell |
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Term
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Definition
penetration- virus enters the host cell, fusion of the viral envelope with host cell membrane |
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Term
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Definition
occurs once the virus is internalized, necessary to release viral genome before the viral DNA or RNA is delivered to its intracellular site of replication in the nucleus or cytoplasm |
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Term
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Definition
macromolecular synthesis- production of nucleic acid and protein polymers |
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Term
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Definition
occurs following cell lysis or by budding from cytoplasmic membrane |
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Term
How are viruses classified? |
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Definition
(1) morphology (2) type of genome or (3) means or replication |
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Term
How is a throat swab collected? |
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Definition
rub inflamed vesiculated or purulent areas of the posterior pharynx with a dry sterile swab, avoid mouth |
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Term
What can throat swabs detect? |
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Definition
enterovirus, adenoviruses and HSV |
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Term
How is a Nasopharyngeal swab/aspirate collected? |
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Definition
insert swab through nostril to the nasopharynx or use a bulb syringe with saline and squirt into nose and aspirate back |
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Term
what can Nasopharyngeal swab/aspirate detect? |
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Definition
respiratory syncytial, influenza and Parainfluenza. |
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Term
What can nasal specimens detect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
nasopharyngeal aspirates are superior to the all swabs, but swabs are easier to get. |
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Term
How are Bronchial and Bronchoalveolar washes collected? |
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Definition
wash and lavage fluid collected in bronchoscopy |
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Term
What can Bronchial and Bronchoalveolar washes detect? |
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Definition
lower respiratory tract viruses (influenza and adenovirus) |
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Term
How are rectal swabs collected? |
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Definition
inserting a swab 3 cm into the rectum to obtain feces. |
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Term
Rectal swab v. Stool specimen |
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Definition
Stool specimens are preferred |
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Term
What can rectal swab and stool specimens be used to detect? |
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Definition
rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and enterovirus |
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Term
How are urine samples collected? |
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Definition
Best specimen is 10 mL of clean-voided first morning urine. |
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Term
What can urine samples detect? |
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Definition
used for CMV, mumps, measles, polyomaviruses and adenoviruses |
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Term
how are skin and mucous membrane lesions collected? |
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Definition
Cannot collect after skin has ulcerated or crusted. Collection form cutaneous vesicles by unroofing the vesicle and aspirating the fluid. |
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Term
What can skin and mucous membrane lesions be used to detect? |
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Definition
enterovirus, HSV, VZV, CMV and pox viruses |
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Term
How are sterile body fluids collected? |
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Definition
collected aseptically by doctor |
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Term
What can sterile body fluid be used to detect? |
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Definition
used for enterovirus, HSV, VZV, influenza, and CMV |
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Term
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Definition
10 mL of anticoagulated blood in Vacutainer. Sodium citrate should be used |
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Term
What viruses can be detected in blood? |
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Definition
CMV, HSV, VZV, enterovirus and adenoviruses |
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Term
How is bone marrow collected? |
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Definition
aspirated specimens are added to a sterile tube with anticoagulant |
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Term
What is bone marrow used to detect? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
collected during surgical procedure |
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Term
What can tissue be used to detect? |
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Definition
CMV, influenza virus, adenovirus, sin nombre virus, and HSV |
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Term
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Definition
collected as soon as possible after symptoms, 5 mL via venipuncture. |
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Term
What is serum used to detect? |
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Definition
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Term
How are specimens transported? |
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Definition
placed on ice and transported to laboratory, if there is a delay it should be refrigerated for 12-24 hours, if longer you need to freeze the specimen at 4°C, for longer than 6 days freeze at -20°C |
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Term
Name the three kinds of tissue culture? |
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Definition
primary (from animal tissue, limited divisions), diploid (more divisions but resistant to viruses) or continuous/ heteroploid cell (indefinite divisions, HeLa cells) |
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Term
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Definition
areas of dead or dying cells |
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Term
hemagglutination/hemadsorption |
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Definition
infected cells contain viral hemadsorping glycoproteins in their outer membranes, if you wash the culture with red cells you see a ring around the infected cells |
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Term
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Definition
hemadsorption cell cultures stained with fluorescent-labeled antisera to identify the specific hemadsorping virus present |
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Term
Rapid viral antigen detection Advantages |
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Definition
rapid, can detect viruses that can’t be cultured, do not need to culture |
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Term
Rapid viral antigen detection Disadvantage |
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Definition
need to know what virus you are looking for, need correct specimen, labor intensive and costs more money |
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Term
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Definition
less sensitive than culture but especially helpful for viruses that difficult or dangerous to isolate in the lab (parvovirus and rabies virus) |
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Term
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Definition
labor intensive, insensitive, works for viruses that do not grow in culture, can detect virus in small amounts, used for gastroenterovirus, HSV, and measles, can identify morphology |
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Term
Enzyme Immunoassay Advantages |
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Definition
nonradioactive, stable reagents and results can be interpreted qualitatively and quantitatively, sensitive, simple, can be automated |
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Term
Enzyme Immunoassay Disadvantages |
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Definition
borderline interpretive category for low levels of viral antigen, specimen quality cannot be evaluated, number of cells cannot be assessed, and cellular specimens are inferior. |
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Term
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Definition
can generate results in hours, probe reaction can occur in situ, usefully with abundant virus |
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Term
Gene amplification assays |
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Definition
amplify DNA target sequences for probes, automated, rapid, broad application, introduction and use of standardized materials and external quality control programs, universal internal controls to ensure accuracy. |
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Term
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Definition
used to detect immune status and to make the diagnosis of infections in situations in which the virus cannot be cultivated in cell culture or detected readily by immunoassay or molecular assay. |
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Term
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Definition
measures whether a particular virus has previously infected a patient |
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Term
The most common respiratory viruses (6) |
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Definition
influenza, Parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus and coronavirus |
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Term
The populations most at risk for RSV |
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Definition
children under the age of 4 and caregivers of those children |
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Term
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Definition
is subtle changes, dependent on two characteristics: the duration of the epidemic, and the strength of host immunity. A longer epidemic allows for selection pressure to continue over an extended period of time and stronger host immune responses increase selection pressure for development of novel antigen, can lead to loss of immunity and explains the necessity for a new flu shot each year, occurs in all influenza viruses |
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Term
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Definition
process by which two or more different strains of a virus, or strains of two or more different viruses, combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two or more original strains, only occurs in influenza A because it can affect more than just humans |
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Term
The viruses associated with skin eruptions (exanthemas) (5) |
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Definition
measles virus (rubeola), rubella (German measles), hand, foot and mouth disease, parvovirus, and Varicella. |
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Term
The six classic childhood rashes |
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Definition
measles, scarlet fever, rubella, scalded skin syndrome (staphylococci), erythema infectiosum (parvovirus) and roseola infantum (herpes virus 6 or 7). |
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Term
The viruses associated with gastrointestinal infections (6) |
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Definition
rotavirus, Noravirus, adenovirus (40 and 41), coronavirus, Caliciviruses, and Astroviruses |
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Term
The viruses associated with the CNS (4) |
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Definition
poliovirus, coxsackievirus A and B, echovirus, and enterovirus |
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Term
The sexually transmitted viruses (9) |
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Definition
Hepatitis B/C and delta, Herpes, Epstein-Barr, CMV, HPV, retroviruses (HIV), Filoviridae, and Orthopoxvirus |
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Term
Hepatitis A and E are transmitted |
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Definition
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Term
Hepatitis B/C and delta are transmitted |
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Definition
infected blood/body fluids |
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Term
Antigenic Drift and Influenza A |
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Definition
With respect to influenza A antigenic drift occurs when the virus mutates and develops a novel antigen. The hemagglutinins and neuraminidases stay the same |
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Term
Antigenic Shift and influenza A |
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Definition
With respect to influenza A antigenic shift occurs when the virus completely changes hemagglutinins and neuraminidases (example spring 2009 Influenza A had components of swine, avian and human flu |
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Term
why are vaccines for influenza not always effective |
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Definition
Vaccines for influenza are not always effective because the flu could have mutated during flu season and the vaccine does not cover that antigenic drift. |
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Term
List 6 respiratory viruses. |
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Definition
Influenza viruses, Parainfluenza, Adenovirus, RSV, Rhinovirus, and Coronavirus |
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Term
What disease does influenza virus cause? |
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Definition
respiratory illness (winter) characterized by high fever, headache, extreme tiredness, dry cough, runny/stuffy nose and muscle aches |
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Term
What disease does parainfluenza virus cause? |
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Definition
year round upper respiratory (not severe cold) in adults and croup, bronchiolitis and pneumonia (which can be more serious) in children |
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Term
What disease does RSV virus cause? |
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Definition
seasonal (dec/jan) bronchiolitis, pneumonia and coup |
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Term
What disease does Adenovirus cause? |
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Definition
pharyngitis, conjunctivitis, pneumonia, cystitis, and gastroenteritis. |
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Term
What disease does Rhino virus cause? |
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Definition
year round common cold (highest incidence in late winter/early spring). |
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Term
What disease does Corona virus cause? |
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Definition
common cold and possible gastroenteritis |
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Term
Who is the primary population affected by influenza virus? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the primary population affected by parainfleunza virus? |
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Definition
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|
Term
Who is the primary population affected by RSV? |
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Definition
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Term
Who is the primary population affected by adenovirus? |
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Definition
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Term
What disease does mumps virus cause? |
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Definition
swelling of the paracarotids, in males a swelling of the testes, and encephalitis |
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Term
Who is the primary population affected by mumps? |
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Definition
older males, and school age children |
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Term
What is the diagnosis for influenza |
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Definition
cell culture, antigen detection and PCR. |
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Term
What is the diagnosis for parainfluenza |
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Definition
culture (via DFA) and PCR. |
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Term
What is the diagnosis for RSV |
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Definition
cell culture, antigen detection and PCR. |
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Term
What is the diagnosis for adenovirus |
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Definition
cell culture, antigen detection and PCR. |
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Term
What is the diagnosis for rhinovirus |
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Definition
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Term
What is the diagnosis for coronavirus |
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Definition
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Term
What is the diagnosis for mumps |
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Definition
cell culture and serology |
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Term
List 6 viruses that cause gastrointestinal disease |
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Definition
Rotavirus, norovirus, adenovirus (40 and 41), coronavirus, calicivirus and astrovirus |
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Term
How is rotavirus diagnosed? |
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Definition
The common means for laboratory diagnosis are EIA and PCR. |
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Term
How is norovirus diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
What types of infections do human papillomaviruses produce? |
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Definition
skin and anogenital warts, benign head and neck tumors and cervical and penile cancer. |
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Term
Which viruses have the potential for latency? |
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Definition
Adenovirus, Herpes Simplex Virus, Varicella Zoster Virus, Epstein-Barr Virus, CMV, HPV and retroviruses |
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Term
Where is the Herpes Virus latency? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the VZV latency? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the Epstein-barr latency? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the CMV latency? |
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Definition
WBCs, endothelial cells and various organs |
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Term
Where is the HPV latency? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the retrovirus latency? |
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Definition
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Term
What are the markers for acute hepatitis B? |
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Definition
Hepatitis B symptoms and the rising and falling levels of HBeAg, HBsAg antigens. The Anti-HBc and Anti-HBe antibodies will also increase during the acute infection |
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Term
What are the markers for chronic hepatitis B infection? |
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Definition
steady level of HBsAg and total anti-HBc antibody |
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Term
What are the markers of resolution of a hepatitis B infection? |
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Definition
decline in HBsAg and HBeAg an increase a steady level of Anti-HBc, a slight decrease in Anti-HBe and an incline in Anti-HBs. |
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Term
List the viruses for which a vaccine is available (10) |
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Definition
Influenza A and B, adenovirus, Mumps, Measles Virus (Rubeola), Rubella, Varicella zoster Virsus, Human papilloma virus, Rabies (post exposure), Rotavirus (under development), Hepatitis A and B. |
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Term
acronym for respiratory viruses? |
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Definition
IPARRC (influenza, parainfluenza, RSV, rhinovirus and coronavirus) |
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Term
acronym for exanthema viruses? |
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Definition
CRP VM (crap vince mirab) Coxsackie viurs A4/10/11, rubella virus, parvovirus B19, varicella zoster, and measles (rubeola) |
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Term
acronym for gastrointestional viruses? |
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Definition
NAC RAC- Norovirus, adenovirus (40/41), coronavirus, rotavirus, astrovirus and calcivirus |
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Term
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Definition
BFT (big freaking ticks)- bunyaviridae, flavivirdae, and togaviridae |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Herpes Simplex, Herpes 6 & 7, herpes 8, human papilloma virus |
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Term
acronym for other viruses? |
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Definition
FORREV C- Filoviridae, orthviridae, reterovirus, ravies, epstein-barr, varicella zoster and CMV |
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Term
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Definition
PC2E2- polio, coxsackie a and b, enterovirus and echovirus |
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Term
ssDNA, no envelope, icosahedral? (1) |
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Definition
parvoviridae family --> Parvovirus B19 (slap cheek syndrome, erythema infectiosum) |
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Term
dsDNA, no envelope, icosahedral? (3) |
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Definition
Adenovirirdae- adenovirus (-itis +/- gastro), Reoviridae- rotavirus (winter, F/O transmission), or Papovaviridae (HPV) |
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Term
dsDNA, enveloped, icosahedral? (2) |
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Definition
Hepadnaviridae- hepatitis B, or herpes virus (HSV, VZV, CMV, EPV) |
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Term
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Definition
Small pox (orthopoxvirus) |
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Term
ssRNA, no envelope, icosahedral? (3) |
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Definition
togoviridae (rubella, eastern/western/venezuelen encephalitis), flaviviridae (yellow fever/St. Louis fever from mosquitoes) or retroviridae- HIV |
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Term
ssRNA, no envelope, helical? (4) |
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Definition
paramyxoviridae (parainfluenza, RSV and rubeola), coronaviridae (cold like +/- gastro), bunyaviridae (California encephalitis, LaCrosse disease, hantevirus and Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever), or Rhabdoviridae (rabies) |
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Term
ssRNA, no envelope, segmented? (1) |
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Definition
orthomyxoviridae- influenza A/B and C |
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Term
ssRNA, enveloped, round? (1) |
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Definition
calciviridae- norovirus (cruise ships and nursing homes) and hepatitis E |
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Term
ssRNA, enveloped, defective? (1) |
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Definition
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Term
ssRNA, eveloped, icosahedral? (1) |
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Definition
picornaviridae- rhinovirus (cold), CNS viruses (PE2C2), and hepatitis A |
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Term
DNA viruses? (7 families) |
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Definition
Smallpox, hepadnaviridae (Hep B), herpes family, adenoviridae, reoviridae (rotavirus), papovaviridae, and parvoviridae |
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Term
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Definition
ssRNA, and enveloped (all) paramyxoviridae, coronaviridae, bunyaviridae, and rhabdoviridae |
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