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| a 100 mile wide land bridge connecting Siberia and Alaska in which the first Americans reached America |
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| major center for second Mesoamerican civilization in Mexico, before its decline by Aztecs |
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-inhabiting Mexico during 1300s
-strong military with complex society |
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| largest city for Mississippian Civilization, w more than 100 temple mounds |
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| government control of foreign trade ensures prosperity and military security for the state; dominated Europe during 16th-18th centuries; used navigation acts and dominion of New england on Americas |
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| room used for modern religious rituals |
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| captured Aztec empire and destroyed its civilization |
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| God chooses certain people for salvation before they are born and condemns the rest to eternal damnation |
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| first major Mesoamerican civilization from 700 BC until decline in 800 AD |
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| groups of families that traced their lineage to a real or legendary common ancestor; native ppls east of Miss. R. |
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| people inhabiting Nuevo Mexico until overtook by Franciscan friars |
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| system of kinship and inheritance developed among some Eastern Indian peoples |
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| a priest who uses magic to cure the sick, divine the hidden, and control events |
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| transfer in 16th c. of agricultural products and diseases to and from Western Hemisphere and other continents |
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| Luther believed humans were innately depraved, downplayed role of clergy in religion, Bible as ultimate authority in faith |
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| people who objected to the doctrines, rituals, and ecclesiastical nature of Roman Catholic Church and develops Protestant Church |
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| Mesoamerican people that settled Mexico in 1300s |
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| Indians inhabiting Present Day Ohio |
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| Mississippian Civilization |
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| Indians inhabiting Mississippi River Valley, Cahokia |
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| These were most Europeans in 1450, living in small, compact agricultural villages surrounded by open fields |
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| eastern Woodland indians of present day New York |
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| hardened veterans of the Reconquista to invade the mainland |
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| in Switzerland, establishes a rigorous Protestant regime; preached predestination |
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| affecting mainly upper class, countries of Northern Europe experienced a rebirth of cultural life, scientific progress, and economic energy |
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| tried to arrange a marriage between daughter Pocahontas and settler but plan fails |
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| settlers in the NE close to Canada who primarily engaged in fur trading |
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| devised by English merchants around 1550, investors pooled their capital and received shares of stock in the enterprise in proportion to total investment |
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| named for John Calvin, a man's salvation depends on absolute sovereignty of God |
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| believed in separation of Church and state, involved in the founding of Rhode Island |
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| plantations in Chesapeake owned and farmed by families or male partners |
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| migration in 1620-40 of primarily Puritans to Massachusetts and the West Indies |
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| war in 1675-6 between Indians and settlers in RI and Massachusetts |
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| designed Pennsylvania as a refuge for his fellow Quakers |
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| blending of two or more religious belief systems into one new system as seen with the pueblos and Spaniards |
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| settlers were pious Protestants, and settlers included men, women and children opposed to other colonies |
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| contracts for labor in America and then will receive land at end of contract |
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| devout Christians wanted to preserve "pure" church |
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| believed only reached salvation through "covenant of God"; followed Roger Williams |
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| the main institution of local government in New England |
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| a form of partial church membership created by New England in 1662 |
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| Catholic religious order founded to combat the Protestant Reformation; understand and respect Indians' values |
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| sought to restore the traditional way of life from Franciscans |
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| colonized Florida and Nuevo Mexico and sought to convert the Indians to Christianity |
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| settled in NE America and engaged in commerce |
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| created tobacco-growing economy based on indentured servants and slaves |
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| first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony, leading departure of puritans |
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| a rebellion that led to reforms curbing the powers of the governor and council and restoring voting rights to landless freemen |
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| war between 1634-38 between Pequot and New England in which the tribe was wiped out |
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| accusations of witchcraft by Puritans |
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| settlers that believed in peace and settled Pennsylvania |
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| captain within Jamestown Settlement that was killed by Opechancanough |
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| established in the Carolinas as a mass of serfs governed by a handful of powerful nobles |
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| main crop in South Atlantic System turning West Indies in slave based system |
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| dialect of South Carolina combining words from English and a variety of African languages in an African grammatical structure |
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| slaves to Americas, sugar to New England, rum and goods to Africa |
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| governor of Dominion of New England (CT, RI, Plymouth, MA, NY, NJ); alienated American settlers |
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| social system in which male acts as primary authority figure |
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| relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs assisting in rise of self-government in NA |
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| trade from Africa to Americas of slaves |
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| faction that protested political corruptions, growing cost of empire and influence on government of wealthy class |
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| increased these amount of exports to pay for British manufactures |
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| led rebellion against Dominion of New England and then headed government until he was indicted for treason |
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| bishops and Whigs forced James II into exile in 1689 and enthroned his Protestant daughter Mary and Dutch protestant husband William of Orange |
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| slaves in overcrowded ships; abt 14% died during this passage |
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| the credit West Indian planters received from London merchants in return of sugar sent to England |
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| largest slave rebellion before Revolution in South Carolina |
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| educated person who promoted rational, scientific view of the world |
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| an American naturalist, traveled through North and South Carolina, Georgia, and Florida |
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| English minister who transformed local revivals of Pietism into Great Awakening |
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| British against the French and Indians for land acquisition; resulting in Britain being the primary superpower |
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| French were expanding due to trade with Indians in Canada and New France |
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| a collection of Poor Richard's advice on getting ahead in business and public life |
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| followed Church of England and condemned religious diversity; religious pluralism threatened the tax-supported status of the Anglican church |
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| between 1720s-60s, emphasized the power of human reason to understand and shape the world |
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| the combination of local revivals of religion from Edwards and Tennents |
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| led revivals among Scots-Irish Presbyterians throughout the Middle Atlantic region |
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| a person that assisted with birth of the females within New England society |
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| believed that a Supreme being created the world, then allowed it to operate by natural laws |
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| restored religious zeal to churches in Connecticut River Valley |
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| radical Protestants whose central ritual was Adult baptism; prominent in Virginia; religious pluralism threatened the tax-supported status of the Anglican church |
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| battle between American and British forces; 1st major loss for Americans at beginning of Revolution |
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-ending of French and Indian War
-parliament quickly replaced salutary neglect with imperial administration (focused on regulation and taxation) |
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| Parliament charged 3 pence per gallon on French molasses; merchants claiming that this would wipe out French trade and ruin distilling industry |
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| "No taxation without representation"; colonists argued that they could not be taxed if they were not there for consent |
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| Charles Townshend laid import duties at American ports on paper, lead, glass, and tea shipped from England in 1767 |
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| member of House of Burgesses; condemned Grenville's legislation and called for a new republican revolution |
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| Committees of Correspondence |
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| shadow governments organized by Patriot leaders of 13 colonies on the eve of American Revolution; they shared their responses to Britain and plans; by Sam Adams and other radical patriots |
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| instrumental in expanding British fiscal-military state to America; replaced salutary neglect w imperial administration |
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| prime minister in 1763; decided new revenue would have to come from America; passed Currency Act of 1764, Sugar Act of 1764 |
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| 1765, act requires tax stamp on all court documents, land titles, contracts, newspapers, and other printed items |
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| movement by Puritan New England in which they boycotted British goods; promoted domestic manufacture of cloth and other necessities |
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| radical Patriots warned Americans of imperial domination; persuaded the towns in MA to set up committees of correspondence |
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| American-born royal governor of MA that rejected the idea that the colonies were now "distinct and separate states" |
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| Patriot leaders convened a new continent-wide body; passed a Declaration of Rights and Grievances, which demanded repeal of Coercive Acts and repudiated the Declaratory Act; threatened to virtually cut off all colonial exports to Britain |
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1764 Sugar Act
1765 Stamp and Quartering Act
1767 Townshend Act
1773 Tea Act
1774 Coercive Acts; Quebec Act |
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| jury-less courts located in British colonies that were granted jurisdiction over local legal matters |
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| made up of American patriots; group formed to protect rights of colonies from usurpations of Britain after 1766; responsible for Boston Tea Party |
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| American women made cloths at home in response to the boycott of Britain goods |
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| set off by friction between residents and off-duty British soldiers in which five men were killed; radical whigs used press w accusations that the killings were planned |
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| in response to the Tea Act, sons of Liberty boarded the Dartmouth as Indians and threw cases of tea into the harbor |
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| after MA was deemed to be in open rebellion, militiamen confronted soldiers first at Lexington and then Concord after being warned by Revere and other riders; bloody conflict |
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| royal governor of VA that was forced to take refuge on British warship; organized two military forces of white loyalists and blacks who fled Patriot owners; promised freedom to those who joined loyalist cause |
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| published in January 1776 by Thomas Paine, a rousing call for independence and a republican form of government |
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| Patriot leaders organized these units and recruited volunteers for the Continental Army; military service created political commitment |
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| a republican minded, European aristocrat, convinced France to finally send troops to America's mainland where they challenged British for NY |
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| the government's chief treasury official; had to secure loans from France, Holland, firms, and other individuals to prevent a downfall of the rebellion due to financial crisis |
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| Mohawk chief Thayendanegea, a devout member of the Church of England; translated Bible into Iroquois language; persuaded 4 of 6 Iroquois nations to support Britain in war |
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| -people that were loyal to the Church of England and were against revolution |
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| -the principle of popular sovereignty; government's powers come from the consent of the governed |
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| after attacks in May 1775, John Adams exhorted the Congress to form this army; led by G. Washington |
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| testifying to their independent status, new state governments printed their own currencies, rejecting pounds and shillings |
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| Americans allied with the French even though they had been enemies; France wanted to avenge loss of Canada and obtain lands in the West Indies while America wanted independence; both agreed |
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| Great Britain recognized American independence and relinquished lands south of Great Lakes and east of M. River; fishing rights off Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; prohibited British from carrying away any negroes or other property; Americans agreed to return confiscated property and make Loyalists citizens |
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| Declaration of Independence |
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| main author Jefferson, linking doctrines of individual liberty, popular sovereignty, and republican government w American independence |
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| -leader of Continental Army, elected to be first President |
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| supposed to be three pronged attack by British at Albany; Burgoyne surrendered and Patriots capture more than 5000 British troops and ensured the diplomatic success of American representatives in Paris, who won military alliance w France |
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| a military strategy in which a belligerent side attempts to win a war by wearing down its enemy to the point of collapse through continuous losses of personnel and material |
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| Cornwallis thought he was able to exploit social divisions; but got surrounded by Washington's troops coming from Virginia and the French fleet surrounding them by the water, preventing retreat; British gave up active prosecution of war |
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| masters with 20 or more slaves organized disciplined teams or "gangs," supervised by black drivers and white overseers |
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| trail across the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains to Oregon; by 1860, 250,000 Americans had braved the Trail with 65.000 for Oregon and the rest for California |
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| conflict between the US and Mexican armies from 1846-48 in the wake of the annexation of Texas in 1845; gained Cali and NM for 15 million and Mexico has Rio Grande as its border |
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| David Wilmot, antislavery Democratic congressman, proposed that slavery be prohibited in any territories gained from the war |
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| Democratic Senator of Illinois; popular sovereignty plan: placed ultimate power in the hands of the people; helped to pass Compromise of 1850; opened up Great Plains for whites and transcontinental railroad for KN-NE Act |
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| part of Compromise of 1850; all runaway slaves were, upon captured, to be returned to their masters |
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| gives "House Divided" speech in response to Dred Scot decision; issued Emancipation Proclamation; President in 1860 |
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| Democratic: Buchanan wins Northern candidate w Southern principles, former Whig Pres, Fillmore and northerners endorsed Fremont; Buchanan wins and Republicans replace Whigs as second major party |
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| in 1836 they declared their independence from Mexico and adopted a constitution legalizing slavery; President Santa Anna wiped out forces at Alamo; and journalists blew it up causing forces to defend Texas and Mexico not recognizing its Independence |
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| during 1840s, many citizens embraced an ideology of conquest that proclaimed their God-given duty to extend American republicanism and capitalism to the Pacific Ocean |
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| Demo Martin Van Buren, Whig Henry Clay, proslavery John Tyler, Demo Polk candidates; expansion into Texas and Oregon became central issue; Polk winning when other parties cost Clay the presidency |
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| instrumental in getting Texas as a state; expansionist program initiating the Mexican War; President in 1844 |
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| opposed new slave states and slave owning Democrats control of federal gov't; did not seek anymore land from the Mexican republic: "No Territory" |
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| abandoned the Liberty Party's emphasis on the sinfulness of slavery and the natural rights of African Americans; it depicted slavery as a threat to republicanism and the Jeffersonian ideal of a freeholder society; new party during 1848 election |
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| discovery of gold at Sutter's Mill by John Sutter in 1848; 100s of thousands of people flee to California by 1850; many were unsuccessful, but pop exploded and became a state; 49ers |
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| Illinois senator Douglass's alternative to California state hood; placed ultimate power in the hands of the people |
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-CA admitted as free state
-Territories of Utah and NM are organized; allowed to permit slavery or not
-Texas gives up land to West and is compensated
-Fugitive Slave Act
-slave trade is banned in D of Col but slavery itself is allowed to continue |
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| created territories of Kansas and Nebraska; repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820; allowed popular sovereignty with those settlers; designed by Douglas; initial purpose was for transcontinental railroad |
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| novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe boosted opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act and to slavery; evoked empathy toward internal slave trade |
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| founded during KN-NE Act while Whig party died; many were formerly Democrats that felt slavery needs to be done on moral grounds, there were others like Lincoln who felt it should continue but not expand, many, Protestants, were willing to advocate reform, "Free Soil" Party largely formed into Republican party |
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| or American party; wanted to unite Native-born Protestans agains the alien menace of Irish and German Catholics, prohibit further immigration, and institute literacy tests for voting; in 1854 many of them were elected to office in HofR |
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| his men attacked pro-slavery settlement in Kansas, and hacked men in front of their wives; adding on to the blood in Kansas in 1856 |
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| denounce political power of slaveholding class in South; argument was a small group of white rich men were taking control of national government to use it to protect and expand slavery; motivated by perceived threats to whites rather than the hatred of slavery |
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| Scott sued for freedom after owner died; Chief Justice Taney says Scott is not a citizen, being a resident in MO did not make him free and overturned decision, threatening popular sovereignty; quoted Declaration and claims only white men apply; emboldens pro-slavery and sparks terror in abolitionists |
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| eleven states seceded and formed CSA after Lincoln was elected; Lincoln declared it illegal but could not use force |
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| repudiated the Union and actively promoted secession |
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| adopting a provisional constitution; Jefferson Davis, a former U.S. senator and secretary of war, was President; Alexander Stephens as VP |
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| president of CSA; wanted "sacred right of self-government" |
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| McDowell launched attack at Bull Run hoping to end early Southerner rebellion; McDowell was replaced by McClelan |
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| offered lead of North army, but took over South VA confederacy; had ambiguous views of slavery; was able to out battle McClellan at Antietam even though outnumbered |
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| Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson |
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| great military mind, Calvinist, believed in fate, able to get across country; fought against McClellan and helped beat him at Antietam |
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| Confederate forces outnumbered, but Lee fought off McClellan and Jackson saved Confederate troops; Union forces won but very bloody and deathly battle |
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| most successful Union commander; seized Fort Henry etc.; relentless general |
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| governments mobilized the entire resources of their societies and decreed that the lives and property of enemy civilians were legitimate objects of attack |
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| too boost agricultural output, Union offered "free land" to farmers; gave settlers the title to 160 acres of public land after five years of residence |
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| Emancipation Proclamation |
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| in 1862, 5 days after Antietam, Lincoln abolished slavery in states not part of Union |
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| Lee moving deep in Union; Meade: Union commander recently appointed and had to stop Lee; Day 1 goes Lee's way but 2 and 3 goes to Union due to Little Big Hill and Pickett's Charge; Grant assumes command after Lee has not died |
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| thought secession mvt was madness; leads troops in GA from Atl to Savannah destroying everything in his path |
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