Term
| What is the literal definition of pathology? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is an example of intrinsic etiology? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the pathogenesis of a disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the N:C ration of differentiated cell? Undiff.? |
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Definition
Diff. - low N:C
Undiff. - High N:C |
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Term
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Definition
| Fluid portion of cytoplasm |
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Term
| How does the number of mitochondria per cell increase? |
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Definition
| When a cell becomes more complex |
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Term
| Where are steroid hormones synthesized? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the site of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which size of golgi is continuous with E.R. (concave or convex) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are glycoproteins and lipoproteins formed? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a secondary lysosome? |
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Definition
| A primary lysosome + vesicles from cell membrane |
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Term
| What is the ground substance of cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a result of having a more acidic environment in the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the result of Rough E.R. fragmentation and degranulation |
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Definition
| decreased protein synthesis |
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Term
| What happens when the mitochondria swells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can a cell recover from heavy toxins? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Condensation of chromatin |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is karyolysis? How does this occur? |
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Definition
| Dissolution of nuclear structure. Lysis of chromatin by DNAase or RNAase |
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Term
| What is an indirect toxic effect? |
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Definition
| Metabolite becomes activated into a free radical |
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Term
| What does it mean for a virus to be directly cytopathic? |
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Definition
| Invades cells and kills from within |
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Term
| What is the relation between functional deficit and atrophy? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to the decrease in size of cell, tissue, organ or organism |
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Definition
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Term
| How does physiological atrophy occur and what does it involve? |
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Definition
| occurs with age and involves the entire body |
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Term
| What is the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia? |
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Definition
trophy - enlargement of individual cells
plasia - increase in the number of cells |
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Term
| Where does pure hypertrophy occur? |
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Definition
| Striated and cardiac muscles |
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Term
| What causes hypertrophy of the heart? |
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Definition
| Adaptation to increased workload |
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Term
| What is hyperplasia the result of? (3) |
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Definition
| hormonal stimulation, chronic injury, preneoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
| Change of one cell type into another |
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Term
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Definition
| disorderly arrangement of cells |
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Term
| What is the result of progressed metaplasia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between endogeneously and exogenously programming? |
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Definition
Endo - pre programmed
Exo - result of cell damage |
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Term
| What is significant about the organelles after apoptosis? |
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Definition
| They are still functional |
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Term
| What happens to the cell membrane in necrosis, what is the result? |
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Definition
| Cell membrane ruptures making organelles not functional |
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Term
| What is the most common form of necrosis? What parts of the body are involved |
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Definition
| coagulative, solid internal organs |
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Term
| Which type of necrosis allows structure to retain form/firmness |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of necrosis most often occurs in the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of necrosis is the result of tuberculosis? What is the appearance? |
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Definition
| Caseous and yellow-white and cheesy |
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Term
| What type of necrosis uses lipolytic enzymes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for bacterial infections of coagulated tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to mummified necrotic tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| What term refers to free ribosomes |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are the proteins for excretion found? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the distinct structure of the hyaloplasm? |
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Definition
| Trick question, there is none |
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Term
| What part of the cell contains organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of stimulation is used in T-lymphocytes and IL-2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of stimulation is used for neuroendocrine cells and chief cells? (Gastrin ---> HCL) |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of stimulation is this example (epo from kidney stimulates bone marrow to produce RBC's) |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does homeostasis occur with respect to cell tissue? |
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Definition
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Term
| How are reversible cell injury and homestasis related? |
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Definition
| Cellular response must be in homeostatic range for injury to be reversible |
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Term
| When a cell swells, what actually occurs? |
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Definition
| Water enter hyaloplasm and mitochondria swells |
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Term
| Cellular swelling, influx of H2O into cell, excess Na+/Cl- into cell, ATPase dysfunction, can all cause what to occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 5 signs of inflammation? What does each mean |
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Definition
| Calor (heat), Rubor (Redness), Tumor (Swelling), Dolor (Pain), Functio laesa (Disturbed function) |
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Term
| What does the circulatory response do to the capillary network? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe circulatory response (arterioles) |
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Definition
| relaxation of precapillary sphincter in arterioles |
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Term
| What does a gap do in respect to permeability? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between plasma and cell-derived chemical mediators? |
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Definition
Plasma- must be activated
Cell-derived- may be stored or synthesized |
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Term
| Where is histamine released from? Who occurs when histamine is released? |
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Definition
Released from platelets, basophils, mast cells
Histamine contracts venule endothelial cells |
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Term
| How are bradykinin and histamine related? What does bradykinin do? |
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Definition
Similar but bradykinin is slower
Bradykinin incites pain |
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Term
| Where do arachidonic acid derivatives come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the lipoxygenase pathway form and what does this do? |
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Definition
| leukotrienes which are substances of anaphalaxis |
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Term
| What does the cyclooxygenase pathway form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the primary mediators of acute inflammation? |
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Definition
| polymorphonuclear neutrophils |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What do platelets help stimulate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What reacts with basophils in allergic reactions and is also the inflammatory response to parasites? |
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Definition
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Term
| What participates in inflammatory response, becomes mast cells, and is IgE in allergic reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the precursors to macrophages? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the most abundant WBC |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the mediators of inflammation called and who secretes them? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are serous inflammations? |
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Definition
| Blisters and mild viral infections |
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Term
| What are fibrinous inflammations? |
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Definition
| strep throat, bacterial pneumonia and pericarditis |
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Term
| What are purulent inflammations caused from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a localized collection of pus |
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Definition
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Term
| Regarding ruptures of abcesses, what is a sinus and fistula? |
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Definition
sinus- abcess to skin
fistula- abcess between cavities or cavity to skin |
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Term
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Definition
| accumulation of pus in formed cavity |
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Term
| Ulcerative inflammation + fibrinopurulent exudation = |
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Definition
| Pseudomembranous inflammation |
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Term
| Describe the lifespan of labile, stable, and permanent cells |
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Definition
labile - continuously dividing throughout lifetime
stable - need stimulus to divide
permanent - non dividing |
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Term
| What are keloids? What are they caused by? What is there an abundance of? |
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Definition
| excess scar formation cause by defective remodeling which a great abundance of type III collagen |
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Term
| What is the difference between type III and type I collagen? |
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Definition
III - immature, temporary
I - common form |
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Term
| What mediates cell mediated immunity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does humoral immunity produce and what is it mediated by? |
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Definition
| produces antibodies, mediated by B-lymphocytes |
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Term
| What do B-lymphocytes differentiate into? What can these produce? |
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Definition
| Differentiate into plasma cells which can produce immunoglobulins |
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Term
| Which is the largest Ig? What is significant about this? |
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Definition
| IgM, First to appear after immunization, does not cross the placenta |
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Term
| What is the most abundant Ig? What is significant? |
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Definition
| IgG Initial exposure is small, but booster shot is more |
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Term
| What is the term for incomplete antigen? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which lymphocyte must an antigen be presented to? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which immune response is stronger primary or secondary? What is significant about the stronger event? |
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Definition
Secondary
Anamnestic reaction |
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Term
| Where do antigens bind to on antibodies? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Describe Type I hypersensitivity? |
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Definition
IgE bound to Fc receptor of mast cells and triggers release of histamine which increases blood vessel permebility.
Anaphylactic and allergy type |
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Term
| What is hemolytic anemic? Goodpastures syndrome? |
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Definition
Hemolytic - RBC recognized as foreign
Goodpasture- autoantibodies to collagen type 4 |
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Term
| What is type 3 sensitivity mediated by? What type of diseases occur? |
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Definition
The formation of immune complexes in circulation
Systemic diseases |
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Term
| Describe type 4 hypersensitivity? What diseases occur? |
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Definition
cell mediated or delayed immune reaction
Contact dermatitis, transplant rejection, MS, Type 1 diabetes |
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Term
| What is an autograft? Xenograft? Isograft? Homograft? |
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Definition
Auto- patient is donor and recipient
Xeno- different species
Iso- identical twins
Homo- same species different person |
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Term
| What immune reaction is a graft vs host? What is graft vs host? Why? |
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Definition
| Type 4 (cell mediated). Donor cells attack recipient tissue because recipient is immunocompromised |
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Term
| If a person is D/d or D what does that mean in respect to Rh? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Complexes deposit into membranes, activate complement, inflammatory reaction |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 characteristics of neoplasic proliferation? |
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Definition
Autonomous- dont respond to growth factors
Excessive
Disorganized |
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Term
| What is the state of differentiation with a benign tumor? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| New features, which don't resemble tissue of origin |
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Term
| What is the N:C ration in a benign tumor? Malignant? |
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Definition
Benign- low N:C ratio
Malignant- high N:C ratio |
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|
Term
| Compare and contrast chromosome structures between benign and malignant cells? |
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Definition
Benign- normal
Malignant- abnormal # chromosomes, structural abnormalities |
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Term
| What specialized functions can one find in a malignant cell? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of tumors end in -oma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What type of tumors end in -adenoma? |
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Definition
| benign tumors of epithelial cells |
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|
Term
| Tumors ending in -sarcoma? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Tumors ending in -carcinoma? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| tumors ending in -adenocarcinoma? |
|
Definition
| malignant glands or ducts |
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Term
| Tumors ending in blastoma? |
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Definition
| Malignant embryonic cells |
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|
Term
| Tumors ending in teratoma? |
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Definition
| benign OR malignant tumor of germ cells |
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Term
| Difference between tumor staging and grading. Which is better for predicting? |
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Definition
Staging- slinical assessment of extent of spread
Grading- based on histologic examination of tumor
Staging has more predictive value than grading |
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|
Term
| What is the biochemistry of malignant tumors? |
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Definition
| simpler metabolism, better adaptation to survival |
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|
Term
| How do chemical carcinogens initiate? |
|
Definition
| liver enzymes and irreversible DNA changes |
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|
Term
| How do DNA viruses spread? |
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Definition
| integrate directly into genome of infected cell |
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Term
| How do RNA viruses spread? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| infects t-lymphocytes in vitro and transforms them into malignant cells |
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|
Term
| What does dysregulation result in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do protooncegenes normally encode? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| wasting, weakness, weight loss |
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