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| set of shared attitudes, values, goals, and practices that characterizes an institution, organization, or group |
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| the study of humans, past and present |
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| physical. archaeology, linguistics, cultural |
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| global, holistic, comparative |
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| cultural traits are best understood when viewed w/in the cultural context of which they are apart |
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| viewing the customs of other societies in terms of one's own |
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| process by which human infants learn their culture |
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| perspective in ethnography that uses concepts and categories of of the anthropologist's culture to describe another |
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| perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis |
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| comparative study of cultural differences and similarities |
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| anthropological description of a particular culture through direct fieldwork |
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| 3. general (human) vs specific (Southern) |
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| 9. influences biololgical processes |
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edward tylor, lewis henry morgan
all cultures develop from simple- complex
slower cultures and faster cultures
savagery-barbarism-civilization |
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new developments are borrowed from someone else
>18th century- Englishmen Smith and Perry- Egyptocentrism
>German-austrian Graebner and Schmidt- culture circles |
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Evolutionism- 3 levels
savagery => barbarism => civilization |
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Evolutionism
extrapolated on Tylor's theory
added low, mid, upper in each category (made into more of a continuum) |
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historical particularism
Franz Boas- Am cultural anth
other anthropologists "armchair anthropologists"- no fats, just theories
thought anth should only gather data, then arrange facts into a pattern- inductive approach |
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Smith and Perry
Egyptians only culture and one of 1st civilizations, everyone else learned from them |
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Graebner and Schmidt
Mesopotamia, China, Eu (2), and Egypt arose independently from each other, those individuals between centers copied from the closest |
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Boas
facts/data first, then patterns/theories |
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Bronislaw Malinowski
Trobriand Islands- Kula Ring
find the function in the seemingly impractical |
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Arthur Reginald Radcliffe-Brown
society has structure to hold individuals, societ has things to hold structure together
Inuits
"mother-in-law avoidance" |
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Robert Merton
2 functions
>manifest- obvious: hunting gathering--> feeds village
>latent- hidden: Kula ring--> food trade, spouse finding |
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Psychological Anthropology
Ruth Benedict |
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culture/personality school of thought
cannot characterize an entire culture with one label
Kwakiutl |
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Psych Anthro
Margaret Mead |
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Samoa- no sexuality taboos
New Guinea gender roles
adolescence- culturally caused angst vs openness |
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| language categories ==> actions/perceptions/worldview |
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NeoEvolutionism
Leslie Whites |
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Universal evolution
look at specifics - culture = energy x technology
ranks cultures in terms of energy technolgy harnessed per capita
hunter gatherers ---> nuclear energy |
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Julian Steward
"father of cultural ecology"
multilineal evolution
how ecology impacts culture |
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Claude Levi-Strauss
binary contrasts in all cultures (hot/cold, good/evil)
no facts to support brain related hypothesis |
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Ward Goodenough and William Sturtevant
every culture has categories to put things in |
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try to fill in gaps in data on women
Lamphere, Ortner, Rosaldo |
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Marvin Harris
scientifically verifiable FACTS
ignore ideology |
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Interp anth
Clifford Geertz, Ruth Behar
subjective |
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| Cross Cultural Stat Comparison |
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1940's Yale- GP Murdock
Human Relations Area Files
comparisons of different cultures from around the world |
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| rules for properly constructing a language |
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| sounds possible, no language uses all the sounds |
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properly forming sounds (phonemes) into words with meaning
duality |
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